G4 RE Answer Key final_wj_revised 3-17-2009
Reading Essentials Grade 4 Answer Key
Chapter 1 kingdoms of life
Lesson 1 Living Things and Their Needs
Read a Table: Is It a Living Thing?
grow, reproduce, react to changes (p. 3)
Read a Table: Cell Parts
Possible answers: cell wall, chloroplast (p. 5)
Quick Check
1. water, food, place to live (p. 3)
2. cell walls, chloroplasts, chlorophyll (p. 5)
3. cell membranes, nucleus, chromosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm (p. 5)
4. no cell walls, no chloroplasts, no chlorophyll (p. 5)
5. tissue (p. 6)
6. organ(p. 6)
7. organ system(p. 6)
8. It makes things look bigger. (p. 7)
Lesson 2 Classifying Living Things
Read a Chart: Classifying Organisms
ancient bacteria, bacteria, protists, animals (p. 9)
Read a Diagram: Naming Organisms
Canis(p. 13)
Quick Check
9. A trait is a feature of a living thing. (p. 8)
10. ancient bacteria, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals (p. 9)
11. genus (p. 11)
12. They have cell walls. (p. 12)
13. bacteria (p. 12)
14. its genus and species (p. 13)
Lesson 3 The PlantKingdom
Read a Diagram: Photosynthesis
sunlight, carbon dioxide (p. 18)
Read a Photo: Plants People Eat
Fruit—Possible answers: tomatoes, apples, peppers, pumpkins
Vegetable—Possible answers: potatoes, carrots, turnips (p. 21)
Quick Check
15. by their parts, by how they make new plants (p. 15)
16. b: Roots (p. 17)
17. a: Stems (p. 17)
18. through stomata on the bottom of the leaves (p. 19)
19. veins (p. 19)
20. light, nutrients, water (p. 20)
21. Possible answers: building materials, furniture, houses, clothes, medicine (p. 21)
Lesson 4 How Seed Plants Reproduce
Read a Photo: Conifer Seeds
the male pinecone (23)
Read a Diagram: Making Bigger Pumpkins
offspring 2 (p. 29)
Read a Photo
a—daffodil; b—chain plant (p. 31)
Quick Check
22. seed (p. 23)
23. pollen (p. 23)
24. Possible answers: moving pollen, pollination (p. 25)
25. pollination (p. 27)
26. Possible answers: color, size, shape (p. 28)
27. pollinate (p. 29)
28. bulb (p. 31)
29. cutting (p. 31)
30. runner (p. 31)
31. tuber (p. 31)
Chapter 1: Vocabulary Review
Page 32
1. b [organism; top row, starting 1st letter at the left]
2. d [seed; top row, starting 10th letter from the left, at a diagonal]
3. a[cell; 2nd row, starting 5th letter from the left]
4. h [trait; top row, 14th column, starting at the top]
5. c [pollination; 4th row, starting 1st letter at the left]
6. i [kingdom; top row, starting 9th letter from the left, at a diagonal]
7. f [ovary; 3rd row, starting 1st letter at the left]
8. j [photosynthesis; bottom row; starting 1st letter at the left]
9. e [fertilization; 8th row, starting first letter at the left]
10. g [reproduction; 7th row, starting 2nd letter from the left]
Page 33
1. life cycle
2. spore
3. tissue
4. organism
5. germination
6. organ
7. Possible answer: germination, seedling adult plant, pollination, fertilization, fruit with seeds, animal eats fruit
Summarize
Possible answer: Living things are grouped by their characteristics. Plants have structures that carry out certain jobs. In the leaves, plantsuse sunlight to make their own food.
Chapter 2 the animal kingdom
Lesson 1 Animals Without Backbones
Read a Photo: Invertebrate Groups
They all are invertebrates. (They have no backbones.) (p. 37)
Read a Photo: Before and After
It turns red.It rolls up into a ball. (p. 39)
Quick Check
1. by symmetry, by backbone or no backbone (p. 37)
2. false; Most mollusks live in water. Snails and slugs live on land. (p. 39)
3. true (p. 39)
4. false; An echinoderm has spiny skin. (p. 39)
5. true (p. 39)
6. hard (p. 40)
7. outside (p. 40)
8. c (p. 43)
9. a (p. 43)
10. b (p. 43)
Lesson 2 Animals with Backbones
Read a Chart: Classes of Vertebrates
cold-blooded (p. 45)
Read a Photo: Amphibians and Reptiles
frog (p. 46)
Quick Check
11. does not (p. 44)
12. changes (p. 44)
13.birds, mammals (p. 45)
14. Possible answer: They spend part of their lives in water. (p. 47)
15. Possible answer: Their skin is covered in scales or plates. (p. 47)
16. Possible answer: Their feathers are light. (p. 47)
17. Females make milk to feed their young. (p. 49)
18. warm-blooded (p. 49)
19. hair (p. 49)
20. water; most other places on Earth (p. 49)
Lesson 3 Systems in Animals
Read a Diagram: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Gills are part of the fish’s respiratory system. Lungs are part of the hamster’s respiratory system. (p. 53)
Read a Diagram: The Digestive System
to the intestine (p. 54)
Quick Check
21. b (p. 51)
22. a (p. 51)
23. c (p. 51)
24. true (p. 53)
25. false; the heart is the main organ in the circulatory system. (p. 53)
26. digestive system with one opening (p. 55)
27. digestive system with two openings (p. 55)
28. digestive system with many parts (p. 55)
29. digestive system with many parts (p. 55)
Lesson 4 Animal Life Cycles
Read a Photo: Complete Metamorphosis
A larva hatches from each egg. (p. 59)
Read a Table: Kinds of Reproduction
budding, regeneration (p. 61)
Quick Check
30. chick (p. 57)
31. adult (p. 57)
32. complete metamorphosis (p. 59)
33. heredity (p. 61)
34. fertilization (p. 61)
35. when an animal changes its behavior by interacting with its environment (or other animals) (p. 63)
38. a set of actions that a living thing is born with (p. 63)
Chapter 2: Vocabulary Review
Page 64
Across
2. exoskeleton
4. invertebrate
5. clone
6. muscular system
7. respiratory system
8. nervous system
9. cold-blooded
Down
1. warm-blooded
3. skeletal system
Page 65
Summarize
Possible answer: All animals are classified as either invertebrate or vertebrate. Invertebrates are animals without backbones. Vertebrates are animals with backbones. Animals have body systems to do basic life functions. Animals go through stages of growth and change during their life cycles.
Chapter 3 Exploring Ecosystems
Lesson 1 Introduction to Ecosystems
Read a Diagram: A Pond Ecosystem
Possible answers: The fish live in the water. The duck lives on the land in a nest. The turtle lives in the water and on land. (p. 69)
Read a Photo: Populations and Communities
Left picture: ferns, parrots; Right picture: bears, grasses (p. 71)
Quick Check
1. c (p. 69)
2. d (p. 69)
3. a (p. 69)
4. b (p. 69)
5. A community is all the populations in an ecosystem. (p. 71)
6. A population is all the members of a species that live in an ecosystem. (p. 71)
Lesson 2 Biomes
Read a Map: Biomes of the World
deciduous forest, grassland (p. 73)
Read a Photo: Tree Orchids
in the understory (p. 75)
Quick Check
7. Possible answer: taiga, grassland, tropical rain forest, tundra, deciduous forest, desert (p. 73)
8. Possible answer: taiga, grassland, tropical rain forest, tundra, deciduous forest, desert (p. 73)
9. DecidousForest: cool to moderate; TropicalRain Forest: warm (p. 75)
10. DeciduousForest: fertile; TropicalRain Forest: poor in nutrients (p. 75)
11. desert (p. 76)
12. Possible answers: freshwater, wetland, estuary, ocean.(p. 77)
13. Possible answers: freshwater, wetland, estuary, ocean.(p. 77)
14. Possible answers: freshwater, wetland, estuary, ocean.(p. 77)
15. Possible answers: freshwater, wetland, estuary, ocean.(p. 77)
Lesson 3 Relationships in Ecosystems
Read a Diagram: Pond Food Chain
sunfish (p. 80)
Read a Diagram: Ocean Food Web
Possible answer: The whale is a predator of seal, seagulls, and fish. (p. 82)
Quick Check
16. depend on other living things for food and energy (p. 79)
17. break down wastes and remains of other living things (p. 79)
18. algae (p. 81)
19. All of the living things in the food chain will become food for decomposers.
(p. 81)
20. energy pyramid (p. 83)
Chapter 3: Vocabulary Review
Page 84
1. grassland
2. biotic factor
3. consumer
4. desert
5. energy pyramid
6. habitat
7. decomposer
Page 85
Across
2. prey
3. producer
4. taiga
5. competition
6. predator
7. tundra
Down
1. ecosystem
3. population
Summarize
Possible answer: Living and nonliving things interact with each other in an ecosystem. Earth has six major biomes, or large ecosystems. Each biome has its own kind of plants, animals, weather, and soil. Energy is passed from one living thing to another in an ecosystem.
Chapter 4 Surviving in Ecosystems
Lesson 1 Animal Adaptations
Read a Photo: Animal Adaptations
fennec fox (p. 89)
Read a Photo: Animal Interactions
The fish eat algae off the turtle’s shell. (p. 91)
Quick Check
1. adaptations (p. 89)
2. c (p. 91)
3. b (p. 91)
4. a (p. 91)
Lesson 2 Plants and Their Surroundings
Read a Diagram: Tropism Experiment
stems (p. 92)
Read a Photo: Desert Adaptations
waxy cover (p. 93)
Quick Check
5. tropism (p. 92)
6. It has a thick, waxy cover (p. 93)
Lesson 3 Changes in Ecosystems
Read a Photo: Natural Change in Ecosystems
Plants and trees grew. (p. 94)
Read a Photo: Manufactured Ecosystems
They can provide a home for living things. (p. 97)
Quick Check
7. volcanic eruption (p. 95)
8. destroyed coastal wetlands (p. 95)
9. landslide, flood (p. 95)
10. too little rain; drought (p. 95)
11. Possible answers: deforestation, overpopulation, pollution (p. 97)
12. Possible answers: deforestation, overpopulation, pollution (p. 97)
13. Possible answers: deforestation, overpopulation, pollution (p. 97)
14. extinct (p. 98)
15. accommodation (p. 98)
16. endangered (p. 98)
17. endangered (p. 98)
Chapter 4: Vocabulary Review
Page 100
1. b
2. c
3. a
4. d
5. d
6. a
Page 101
1. e
2. a
3. b
4. g
5. f
6. d
7. c
Summarize
Possible answer: Animals have adaptations that help them live in their environments. Plants also adapt and respond to their environments. When an ecosystem changes, some animals survive, but others die.
Chapter 5 Shaping Earth
Lesson 1 Earth
Read a Map: Landforms of the United States
1: mountains; 2: canyon; 3: plains; 4: sand dunes (p. 105)
Read a Diagram: From Land to Sea
continental slope (p. 107)
Quick Check
1. d (p. 104)
2. a (p. 104)
3. c (p. 104)
4. b (p. 104)
5. A delta is a landform that is formed where a river meets the ocean. (p. 107)
6. Possible answers: solid, place where landforms are located (p. 109)
7. Possible answers: hot, made of iron, at center of Earth (p. 109)
Lesson 2 The Moving Crust
Read a Diagram: Mountains in the Making
both of them (fault-block and fold mountains) (p. 111)
Read a Diagram: Time Line of Seismic Study
1937 (p. 115)
Quick Check
8. fault (p. 111)
9. fold (p. 111)
10. An earthquake is a sudden shaking of Earth’s crust caused by movement along a fault. (p. 113)
11. seismic waves (p. 115)
12. seismograph (p. 115)
13. a place where Earth’s crust is very thin and volcanoes form (p. 117)
Lesson 3 Weathering and Erosion
Read a Photo: Rivers Shape the Land
the movement of river water (p. 121)
Read a Diagram: A GlacierDepositsLand
at the terminus (p. 123)
Quick Check
14. weathering that changes the size and shape of rocks without changing what the rocks are made of (p. 119)
15. weathering that changes rocks by changing what the rocks are made of (p. 119)
16. erosion (p. 121)
17. deposition (p. 121)
18. A glacier is a thick, moving sheet of ice. (p. 123)
19. Possible answers: mining, landfills, cutting down forests (p. 125)
20. Possible answers: mining, landfills, cutting down forests (p. 125)
21. Possible answers: mining, landfills, cutting down forests (p. 125)
Lesson 4 Changes Caused by the Weather
Read a Photo: Before and After
Possible answer: The fire burned down trees and harmed animals.
Possible answer: The flood covered the plaza so people could not walk there. (p. 127)
Read a Photo: Hurricane Damage
Possible answer: It destroyed houses. (p. 129)
Quick Check
22. After a flood, new soil is put on the land. The nutrients in the soil help plants grow. (p. 126)
23. Possible answers: lightning; people playing with matches (p. 126)
24. tornado (p. 128)
25. hurricane (p. 128)
26. Possible answers: in places with mountains or hills, in high places where precipitation has occurred (p. 131)
Chapter 5: Vocabulary Review
Page 132
1. e
2. f
3. d
4. a
5. b
6. h
7. c
8. g
9. crust
10. hurricane
Page 133
Across
2. weathering
6. landslide
7. flood
8. deposition
9. tornado
10. mantle
Down
1. seismic wave
3. volcano
4. outercore
5. mountain
Summarize
Possible answer: Landforms cover Earth’s crust. Earth is made up of layers. Earth’s surface is broken into large plates that move slowly. Many landforms form at the plate edges. Weathering, erosion, and deposition are slow processes that shape the land. Floods, fires, and landslides can change the land quickly.
Chapter 6 Saving earth’s resources
Lesson 1 Minerals and Rocks
Read a Table: Moh’s Hardness Scale
diamond (p. 137)
Read a Diagram: The Rock Cycle
igneous rock (p. 144)
Quick Check
1. the hardness of minerals (p. 137)
2. igneous rocks (p. 139)
3. sedimentary rocks (p. 139)
4. metamorphic rock (p. 141)
5. Possible answers: floors, tiles, buildings (p. 143)
6. Possible answers: bricks, chalk (p. 143)
Lesson 2 Soil
Read a Diagram: Weathering Caused by Living Things
The rabbit moved pieces of sediment and mixed them around to dig the hole.
(p. 144)
Read a Photo: Permeability of Soils
coarse soil (p. 146)
Quick Check
7. soil horizons (layers) (p. 145)
8. Rock (such as bedrock) and humus differ from place to place. (p. 145)
9. spaces between particles of soil (p. 147)
10. how fast water passes through something (p. 147)
11. Possible answers: Topsoil is home to many living things. Topsoil is needed for growing crops. (p. 149)
12. sandy soil, which is very porous soil (p. 149)
13. medium-textured soils (p. 149)
Lesson 3 Resources from the Past
Read a Diagram: How Coal Forms
The rock layer is pressed into soft coal. (p. 153)
Read a Chart: Sources of Electricity
coal (p. 155)
Quick Check
14. imprint (p. 150)
15. measuring Earth’s history in millions and even billions of years (p. 151)
16. an energy source that formed millions of years ago (p. 153)
17. a useful material that cannot be replaced easily (p. 153)
18. False; A renewable resource is a useful material that can bereplaced.
(p. 155)
19. True (p. 155)
20. True (p. 155)
Lesson 4 Water
Read a Map: From Lake to Ocean
St. Lawrence River (p. 157)
Read a Diagram: Water Treatment
It goes into the settling basin. (p. 159)
Quick Check
21. False; Ocean water contains salt. (p. 157)
22. True (p. 157)
23. False; Groundwater is stored in cracks and spaces under the ground.
(p. 157)
24. reservoirs, groundwater (p. 159)
25. to kill harmful organisms (p. 159)
26. Possible answers: irrigation, boating, electricity (p. 161)
27. Possible answers: irrigation, boating, electricity (p. 161)
28. Possible answers: irrigation, boating, electricity (p. 161)
Lesson 5 Pollution and Conservation
Read a Photo: Contour Plowing
The farmers have used contour plowing, a form of plowing used on sloping lands. (p. 164)
Read a Photo: The 3 Rs in Action
Recycling (p. 165)
Quick Check
29. Pollution is putting a harmful substance into an environment. (p. 163)
30. Smog makes the air hard to breathe. (p. 163)
31. Possible answer: Litter can pollute the land. (p. 163)
32. conservation (p. 164)
33. reduce; accept all reasonable responses (p. 165)
34. reuse; accept all reasonable responses (p. 165)
35. recycle; accept all reasonable responses (p. 165)
Chapter 6: Vocabulary Review
Page 166
1. a
2. d
3. d
4. c
5. c
6. a
7. b
8. b
Page 167
1. d
2. g
3. a
4. e
5. k
6. h
7. i
8. f
9. b
10. c
11. j
12. reduce, reuse, recycle
Summarize
Possible answer: Rocks are made of minerals. Rocks change and form. Soil is made of weathered rock and other materials. Soil forms slowly in layers. Fossils give us clues about Earth's history. Some of our fuels come from fossils. Water collects on and below Earth's surface. It is stored and used in different ways. People pollute the land, water, and air. We can protect our resources with conservation.
Chapter 7 Weather and climate
Lesson 1 Air and Weather
Read a Diagram: Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere
troposphere (p. 171)
Read a Photo: Humidity in a Rain Forest
Possible answers: Plants grow well there and you can almost see the water vapor in the air. (p. 172)
Quick Check
1. nitrogen (p. 171)
2. Possible answers: air temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation
(p. 173)
3. Possible answers: air temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation
(p. 173)
4. Possible answers: air temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation
(p. 173)
5. Possible answers: air temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation
(p. 173)
6. e (p. 175)
7. f (p. 175)
8. b (p. 175)
9. a (p. 175)
10. c (p. 175)
11. d (p. 175)
Lesson 2 The Water Cycle
Read a Diagram: The Water Cycle
condensation (p. 179)
Read a Diagram: Many Types of Clouds
cirrocumulus (p. 181)
Quick Check
12. evaporation (p. 177)
13. condensation (p. 177)
14. precipitation (p. 177)
15. water cycle (p. 179)
16. a (p. 181)
17. freeze (p. 183)
Lesson 3 Tracking the Weather
Read a Diagram: Different Fronts
above the cold air mass (p. 185)
Read a Map: U.S. Weather map
sunny, 70s (p. 186)
Quick Check
18. warm front (p. 185)
19. cold front (p. 185)
20. stationary front (p. 185)
21. Possible answers: air temperature, air pressure, precipitation, wind, the locations of fronts (p. 187)
22. stay away from water and trees (p. 189)
23. head for a sturdy shelter (p. 189)
24. move inland (p. 189)
Lesson 4 Climate
Read a Map: Ocean Currents
warm currents (p. 192)
Read a Photo: The Mountain Effect
at the top or peak (p. 194)
Quick Check
25. the average weather pattern of a region over time (p. 191)
26. True (p. 193)
27. False; Climates near the equator are warm and rainy. (p. 193)
28. False; Water heats more slowly than land. (p. 193)
29. The air cools. Water vapor in the air condenses. Clouds form. Precipitation forms and falls. (p. 195)
Chapter 7: Vocabulary Review
Page 196
1. temperature
2. air pressure
3. thermometer
4. evaporation
5. water vapor
6. atmosphere
7. cold front
Page 197
1. j
2. d
3. b
4. i
5. g
6. a
7. c
8. f
9. h
10. e
Summarize
Possible answer: Scientists measure properties in Earth’s atmosphere to tell about weather. The water cycle shows how water changes between Earth and the air. We can predict weather by looking at air masses and fronts. Climate is a pattern of weather in a place.
Chapter 8 The Solar System and Beyond
Lesson 1 Earth and Sun
Read a Diagram: Earth’s Rotation
the direction Earth rotates (p. 200)
Read a Diagram: Earth’s Revolution
Winter (p. 203)
Quick Check
1. Night begins. (p. 201)
2. A part of Earth faces the Sun. (p. 201)
3. A shadow forms. (p. 201)
4. revolution (p. 203)
5. orbit (p. 203)
6. a (p. 205)
7. b (p. 205)
Lesson 2 Earth and Moon
Read a Diagram: Phases of the Moon
waxing gibbous moon (p. 209)
Read a Diagram: Two Kinds of Eclipses
between Earth and the Sun (p. 210)
Quick Check
8. a hollow area or pit in the ground (p. 207)
9. Moon (p. 208)
10. orbit (p. 208)
11. phases (p. 208)
12. full moon (p. 208)
13. on the Moon (p. 211)
14. on Earth (p. 211)
Lesson 3 The Solar System
Read a Diagram: The Solar System
Neptune (p. 213)
Read a Photo: New and Old Telescopes
Possible answers: size; technology; shape; one uses light, the other uses radio waves (p. 214)
Quick Check
15. a round object in space that is a satellite of the Sun (p. 213)
16. a force of attraction between all objects (p. 213)
17.Possible answers: satellites, probes, space shuttles, rockets, space station, telescopes (p. 215)
18. Possible answers: satellites, probes, space shuttles, rockets, space station, telescopes (p. 215)
19. Possible answers: satellites, probes, space shuttles, rockets, space station, telescopes (p. 215)
20. Mercury (p. 217)
21. Venus (p. 217)
22. Earth (p. 217)
23. Mars (p. 217)
24. Neptune (p. 219)
25. Saturn (p. 219)
26. Uranus (p. 219)
27. Jupiter (p. 219)
28.Possible answers: meteoroid, comet, asteroids
29. Possible answers: meteoroid, comet, asteroids
30. Possible answers: meteoroid, comet, asteroids
Lesson 4 Stars and Constellations
Read a Diagram: Nearest Stars to Earth
9.5 (p. 222)
Read a Diagram: Constellations
Pisces, Aquila (p. 224)
Quick Check
31. True (p. 223)
32. False; Galaxies are large groups of stars. (p. 223)
33. a group of stars that seem to make a pattern or picture in the sky (p. 225)
34. Possible answer: to know when to plant crops (p. 225)
35. True (p. 227)
36. False; You do need to use sunscreen on a cloudy day because the Sun can give you a sunburn on a cloudy day. (p. 227)
37. True (p. 227)
Chapter 8: Vocabulary Review
Page 228
Across
1. crater
3. revolution
4. rotation
5. lunar eclipse
8. planet
Down
1. constellation
2. solar eclipse
6. axis
7. star
Page 229
1. telescope
2. gravity
3. constellation
4. comet
5. phase
6. planet
7. rotation
8. solar system
Summarize
Possible answer: Earth’s movement through space causes day, night, and the seasons. As the Moon revolves around Earth, we see its phases. The Sun is the center of the solar system. Planets, moons, and other objects orbit the Sun. Stars are spheres of hot gases that give off light and heat energy. The Sun is a star.
Chapter 9 properties of matter
Lesson 1 Describing Matter
Read a Photo: Comparing Masses
The rock has more mass because that side of the balance is lower. (p. 232)
Read a Photo: Uses of Matter
objects made by people; objects in nature (p. 235)
Quick Check
1.mass (p. 233)
2.matter (p. 233)
3.property (p. 233)