Parenthetical Citations

· Back up the credibility of your argument

· Explain the provenance of the ideas and attribute words and ideas to their creators

· Offer shorthand info directing reader to find more complete information in Works Cited (You must actually “cite” the works!)

WHAT TO CITE

1. Direct quotations from source – author AND page number in sentence OR citation

· Elizabeth Crane offers her solution to the problem of toy gun play: “I still won’t buy toy guns, but my boys know about guns, and they at least seem properly respectful of the ideas that guns are dangerous” (253).

OR

· One mother “still won’t buy toy guns, but [her] boys know about guns, and they at least seem properly respectful of the ideas that guns are dangerous” (Crane 253).

OR

· [If the article has no author] One mother “still won’t buy toy guns, but [her] boys know about guns, and they at least seem properly respectful of the ideas that guns are dangerous” (“No” 253).

2. Facts, ideas, or concepts that you have borrowed, even when you rewrite the ideas into your own words

· Some parents have proposed that toy gun play allows children to act out issues around power, when covering up these issues is unreasonable and potentially harmful to the developing child (Crane 252-3).

______________________________________________________________

WHAT NOT TO CITE

1. Information that you knew about the topic before you started the research.

2. “Common” knowledge (information known by most educated people, information you found in three or more sources) written in your own words.

Preparing the List of Works Cited

See easybib.com for specific citation format for different genres

BOOKS
Author’s last name, first name. Book title. City of publication: Publishing company, publication

date.

Smith, Joel. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. New York: Doubleday, 1991.

A Work included in an Anthology or Compilation

Silko, Leslie Marmon. “The Man to Send Rain Clouds.” Imagining America: Stories from the

Promised Land. Ed. Wesley Brown and Amy Ling. New York: Random House, 1991.

191-95.

PERIODICALS

Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Periodical title Date: inclusive pages.

Barringer, Felicity. “Where Many Elderly Live.” New York Times 7 March 1993, nat.ed., sec.

1:12.

INTERNET SOURCES

Author’s last name, first name. “Article title” OR Book title. Publication information for any

printed version. Indication of online posting or home page. Title of electronic journal. Date

of electronic publication. Name of institution sponsoring Web site. Date of access to the

source <electronic address or URL>.

Stross, Randall E. “Music Distribution over the Internet Should be Regulated.” Reprinted, with

permission, from “Napster Nonsense,” U.S. News & World Report, May 29, 2000.

Reproduced in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. 2004.Gale Group. 29 April 2004 http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/OVRC.

FILMS

The Last Emperor. Dir. Bernado Bertolucci. Perf. John Lone and Peter O’Toole. Columbia, 1987.

Videocassette.

TELEVISION OR RADIO

Berkes, Howard, and Robert Benincasa. "Other Massey Mines Showed A Pattern Of Violations."

Morning Edition. MPBN, Camden, 13 Apr. 2010. Radio.

INTERVIEWS

Bode, Graham. Personal Interview. 25 January 2010.

Gordon, Suzanne. Interview. All Things Considered. National Public Radio. WNYC, New York.

1 June 2004.

CARTOON OR COMIC

Watterson, Bill. "Calvin and Hobbes." Comic strip. Kokomo Tribune 24 Sept. 1990: 25. Print.