Anatomy/Physiology Study Guide

Unit 8- Digestive System

Words to digest and define:

  • Cellulose is called ______on food labels.
  • alimentary canal
  • bolus
  • peristalsis
  • rugae
  • chyme

Some tasty tidbits to answer:

1. Complete the following table:

Macromolecule (polymer) / Starts digestion in the / Ends digestion in the / End products of digestion (monomers)

2. Differentiate between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion.

3. The following enzymes digest (break the bonds of) what type of macromolecule?

  • salivary amylase
  • pancreatic amylase
  • lipases
  • nucleases
  • proteases
  • pepsin
  • How is pepsinogen different than pepsin?

4. List three of the five functions of saliva.

5. List and briefly describe the functions of the four layers of the alimentary canal.

6. What enzyme begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

7. What is the function of the:

  • cardiac sphincter
  • pyloric sphincter

8. Where are all the following cells located? What do they specifically secrete (indicate below)?

  • chief cells:
  • parietal cells:
  • goblet cells:

9. Besides killing bacteria on your food, what is the role of the hydrochloric acid in your stomach?

10. Where does the pancreatic duct connect into and what does it carry (what’s in pancreatic juice)?

11. When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, what series of secretion is activated? (Ex: acidic chyme causes the ______to release ______into ______; this in turn causes…)

12. Proteins and fats in chyme also lead to a series of reactions. Describe them.

13. What processes are the liver involved in for your body to function?

14. How is the liver specifically involved in digestion?

15. What is bile and what does it contain?

16. What stimulates bile to enter the duodenum?

17. What are the functions of bile salts?

18. What does “emulsify” mean?

19. What is the function of the gall bladder?

20. What are gallstones?

21. What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

22. Where does the majority of chemical digestion occur?

23. What is the function of villi?

24. How do insulin and glucagon regulate plasma levels? (This should be a review for you!)

25. What are the functions of the large intestine?

26. Besides helping to protect against the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, what product made by the intestinal flora (bacteria naturally found in your large intestine) is beneficial to your digestive system?

What product is unfortunate and annoying?

27. Describe the composition of feces.

28. What causes:

  • heartburn?
  • diarrhea?
  • constipation?

29. Fill in the following table:

Disease/condition / Symptoms / Cause
Salmonella poisoning
E. coli poisoning
Crohn’s (IBD)
Ulcerative colitis (IBD)
Colon cancer
Ulcer
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
(IBS)
Celiac Disease
Hemorrhoids
Diabetes Type 1
Diabetes Type 2
Appendicitis