Unit 4 – The Nation Expands and Changes

Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths

  1. Industrial Revolution-gradual process which machines replaced hand

tools

  1. factory system-method of producing goods that brought workers

and machinery together in one place

  1. capitalist-person who invests in a business to make a profit
  2. Francis Cabot Lowell-built an improved version of England’s textile

machines

  1. mass production-the rapid manufacturing of large numbers of

identical objects

  1. interchangeable parts-identical machine-made parts for a tool or

instrument

  1. urbanization-the growth of cities due to the movement of

people from rural areas to cities

  1. telegraph-device using electronic signals to send messages

quickly over long distances through wires

  1. Samuel F.B. Morse-devised a code using shorter and longer burst of

electricity

  1. famine-widespread starvation
  2. nativist-people who wanted to preserve the country for

white, American-born Protestants

  1. discrimination-denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain

groups of people

  1. cotton gin-machine which used a spiked cylinder for removal

of seeds from cotton fibers

  1. slave code-laws that controlled every aspect of the lives of

enslaved African Americans

  1. spirituals-religious folk songs that blended biblical themes

with the realities of slavey

  1. Nat Turner-led the most famous slave revolt (1831) he said he

had visions telling him to kill whites; 60 whites were killed in the revolt

  1. Daniel Boone-famous pioneer of the western frontier
  2. canal-a channel that is dug across land and filled with

water

  1. Henry Clay-Senator who persuaded Congress to adopt the

Missouri Compromise in 1820

  1. spinning jenny-machine developed in 1764 that could spin several

threads at once

  1. capital-money raised for a business venture
  2. flatboat-boat with a flat bottom used for transporting heavy

loads on inland waterways

  1. turnpike-road built by a private company that charges a toll

to use it

  1. Lancaster Turnpike-road built in the 1790s by a private company,

linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

  1. corduroy road-road made of logs
  2. National Road-first federally funded national road project (1811)
  3. Clermont-(1807) steamboat built by Robert Fulton, first to be

Commercially successful in American waters

  1. Erie Canal-(1825) artificial waterway opened linking Lake Erie

to the Hudson River

  1. sectionalism-loyalty to a state or section rather than a whole

country

  1. Republic of Great Columbia-independent state composed of the present-day

Nations of Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama, established in 1819

  1. United Provinces of Central

America-(1823) federation established containing the

present-day nations of Guatemala, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

  1. interstate commerce-improvements to roads, bridges, and canals
  2. Creole-person born in Spain’s American colonies to

Spanish parents

  1. Negro Fort-settlement of fugitive African American slaves in

the Spanish colony of Florida

  1. Monroe Doctrine-President Monroe’s foreign policy statement

warning European nations not to interfere in Latin America

  1. intervention-direct involvement
  2. locomotive-engine that pulls a railroad train
  3. clipper ship-fast-sailing ship of the mid 1800s
  4. artisan-skilled worker
  5. trade union-association of trade workers formed to gain higher

wages and better working conditions

  1. strike-refusal by workers to do their jobs until their

demands are met

  1. Know-Nothing Party-political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic

and anti-immigrant

  1. boom-period of swift economic growth
  2. cultivate-to prepare and use land for planting crops
  3. “cottonocracy”-name for the wealthy planters who made their

money from cotton in the mid 1800s

Unit 4 – The Nation Expands and Changes

Chapter 11 – North and South Take Different Paths (1800-1845)

Section 1 – The Industrial Revolution

Obj: to identify the Industrial Revolution and explain its affects on the United States; to describe why Lowell, MA was called a model factory town and daily life in early factories;, and to understand the impact it had on American cities

Unlike American Revolution, it had not battles or fixed dates

  • Before 1800s
  • Americans were farmers
  • Most goods produced by hand
  • The Revolution:
  • Slowly changed manufacturing when machines replaced hand tools
  • New Technology:
  • New machines transform textile industry
  • 1764 – James Hargreaves – spinning jenny
  • 1780s- Edmund Cartwright – water-powered loom
  • The Factory System-
  • New inventions led to a new system of production
  • Large machines could not be worked on at home
  • Near large mills near rivers
  • Large amounts of capital needed to operate and set up mills
  • Capitalists supplied money
  • Built factories
  • Hired workers
  • Workers and machinery in one place to produce goods
  • Workers earned daily or weekly salaries
  • Worked a set number of hours a day
  • Daily Life During the Industrial Revolution:
  • Most mill owners hired mostly women and children
  • Worked for half the pay of men
  • Child Labor –
  • Boys and girls
  • As young as seven
  • Wages needed to help support the family
  • Long Hours –
  • 12 hours a day, 6 days a week
  • Industries grew, competition increased
  • Employers took less interest in welfare of workers
  • Working conditions grew worse
  • Changes in Home Life –
  • As factory system spread – more family members left home to earn a living
  • Women’s role affected
  • Had to go out to work
  • Husband could not support family
  • Only wealthy lucky
  • Factories of the 1840s and 1850s very different from mills of the early 1800s
  • Factories larger and used steam-powered machines
  • Laborers worked longer hours for lower wage
  • Workers lived in dark, dingy houses in the shadow of the factory
  • Change in values
  • Emphasis on mass production
  • Workers felt differently about their jobs
  • No longer proud of their work
  • Factory owner more interested in how much rather than how well it was made
  • Workers could not be creative
  • As need for work increased, entire families labored in factories
  • Factory work began 4 am and ended 7:30 pm
  • Hazards at work
  • Discomfort and danger
  • Few had windows or heating systems
  • No safety devices
  • Accidents common
  • No laws regulating factory conditions and injured workers often lost their jobs
  • Poor working conditions and low wages led workers to organize
  • First workers to organize were artisans.
  • Artisans in each trade united to form trade unions
  • Would strike until demands were met
  • Won better pay because factory owners needed their skills
  • New England textile mill workers, most women, protested cuts in wages and unfair working conditions
  • Example: Lowell Female Labor Reform Association
  • A Revolution Crosses the Atlantic:
  • Britain wanted to keep new technology secret (new textile machinery)
  • Did not want rival nations to copy it
  • Parliament made it illegal for anyone to take plans out of country
  • Samuel Slater
  • Skilled mechanic in British textile mill
  • Heard Americans offering large rewards for British factory plans
  • Decides to leave Britain
  • Memorized design of machines
  • Avoided getting caught with any documents
  • Pawtucket, RI – Slater built the first factory in the US
  • Interchangeable Parts-
  • Eli Whitney – inventor
  • Americans benefited
  • First guns
  • The trigger
  • Parts interchangeable
  • Saved time and money
  • Idea spread quickly
  • Inventors designed machines to produce interchangeable parts for:
  • Clocks
  • Locks
  • Many other goods with parts
  • Small workshops grew into factories
  • Lowell, MA – A Model Factory Town
  • Francis Cabot Lowell, a Boston merchant
  • Improved on British textile mills
  • After his death, partners built an entire factory town in his name
  • The Lowell Girls – young women who worked in the new mills

Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths

Section 2 – The North Transformed

Obj: to describe how new inventions and improvements in transportation helped industry and cities grow; to explain how Irish and German immigrants settled in the US; to discuss discrimination against African Americans

Northern Cities

American cities had long been the centers of commerce and culture.

1790 – New York City the largest with slightly more than 33,000 people, compared to major cities of Europe it was hardly more than a town

Growth of Cities:

1800s –

  • Urbanization was sparked by the Industrial Revolution
  • Capitalists built more factories
  • Agricultural workers attracted to new types of work in cities
  • Cities on the US east coast became crowded with immigrants
  • Pittsburgh, PA
  • Louisville, KY
  • German and Irish immigrants were increasing the size of populations

Urban Problems:

  • Filthy streets
  • Absence of good sewage systems
  • Lack of clean drinking water
  • All of the above helped spread disease
  • Citywide fires another common problem
  • Most structures made of wood
  • Firefighters poorly trained and equipped

The Growth of Northern Industry

New inventions revolutionized communication

  • The telegraph
  • Invented by Samuel F.B. Morse
  • Soon became part of American life
  • Thousands of miles of wires set up across the nation
  • East and West can communicate in hours instead of weeks

Advances in Agriculture

  • Mechanical reaper
  • Invented by Cyrus McCormack
  • Cut stalks of wheat many times faster than a human worker could
  • Farmers could cultivate more land, harvest crops with fewer workers
  • Improved threshers
  • Used to separate wheat from its stalk
  • Wheat grain then ground into flour
  • Eventually reaper and thresher put into one machine called a “combine”

Advanced in agriculture also affected industry

  • Farm laborers who were replaced by machines went to cities to work in shops and factories

Advances in Manufacturing

  • 1846 – sewing machine
  • First invented by Elias Howe
  • Later perfected by Isaac Singer, improved on Howe’s design

1860 –

Americans had over $1 billion invested in businesses

More than 90% was invested in the North

A Transportation Revolution

Improvements in transportation spurred growth of American industry

  • Faster and easier
  • Goods and raw materials could be shipped to farther distances

Steamboats and Clipper Ships

  • 1807 – steam-powered engine
  • Invented by Robert Fulton
  • The Clermont
  • 133 feet long
  • Wooden paddles to help pull it through the water
  • Side-paddle steamboats good for rivers but not oceans
  • 1850 – the clipper ship
  • Magnificent
  • Tall, slender
  • Tal masts
  • Once the world’s fastest ships
  • Reign brief
  • Great Britain producing oceangoing steamships, ironclad, faster and could carry more cargo

Railroads

Of all forms of transportation, they did the most to tie together raw materials, manufactures, and markets.

  • Steamboats negatives
  • Had to follow paths of rivers
  • Rivers would freeze up in cold weather
  • Railroad positives
  • Could be built almost anywhere
  • 1828 – America’s first railroad
  • Between Baltimore and Ohio
  • Cars pulled by horses
  • 1830 – America’s first steam locomotive
  • Built by Peter Cooper
  • 1840 –
  • About 3,000 miles of railway track built in the US

A New Wave of Immigrants

American population grew rapidly in the 1840s

Millions of immigrants entered the US, mostly from western Europe

  • Better opportunities
  • Buy land cheap
  • Felt their skills would serve them well
  • Survival

The Great Hunger

Ireland –

  • Long under British rule
  • British landlords owned the best farmland
  • The potato was the staple (basic food) for most of the population
  • 1845-
  • Potato famine
  • Crop was destroyed by fungus (Bo Weevil)
  • Widespread starvation
  • The Great Hunger
  • More than 1 million starved to death
  • About 1 million more came to the US
  • Farm laborers
  • Men found work doing lowliest jobs in construction or laying railroad track inn the East and Midwest
  • Young girls found work as household workers

German Newcomers –

  • Came to the US fleeing from failed revolutions
  • Unlike Irish, Germans came from many levels of society
  • Most moved west and settled in the Ohio Valley or Great Lakes Region

Reaction against Immigrants

Nativists – worried about the growing foreign population

  • Mostly opposed the Irish because they were Roman Catholic
  • NYC – group of Nativists known as the “Know Nothings”
  • Became a political party
  • Did not last long
  • Party split over the issue of slavery than dissolved

African Americans In the North

More than immigrants, African Americans in the North faced discrimination

  • By early 1800s, slavery had ended in the North
  • Free African Americans joined by new arrivals from the South
  • Freedom – treatment not equal
  • Often denied the right to vote
  • Not allowed to work in factories or in skilled trades
  • Employers preferred hiring white immigrants rather than African Americans
  • Prejudice led to racial segregation
  • Schools
  • Public facilities
  • Formed their own churches, when turned away by white congregations
  • White newspapers portrayed them as inferior
  • African Americans started their own publications
  • Freedom’s Journal being the first in 1827 NYC
  • Its editor, John B. Russwurm, one of the first African Americans to graduate from an American college

Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths

Section 3 – The Plantation South

Obj: to understand how the cotton gin improved cotton production in the South; to explain how the South became an agricultural economy; and, to describe the ways in which the South was dependent on the North; to identify the groups of white southerners who made up southern society; to describe how free African Americans were treated, to list the laws that restricted the freedom of African Americans; and, to explain how American Americans resisted slavery

  • The Industrial Revolution greatly increased the demand for southern cotton
  • At first, southern planters could not meet the demands of the North and Britain
  • They could grow plenty of cotton, but removing the seeds from the cotton by hand was a slow process
  • Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
  • A single worker could do the work previously done by 50 people
  • CottonKingdom and Slavery
  • Cotton gin led to boom in cotton production
  • 1792 – 6,000 bales
  • 1850 – 2 million bales
  • Planters needed to cultivate new land due to the wearing out of soil from planting cotton year after year
  • After War of 1812 – cotton planters began to move to the west
  • By the 1850s, cotton plantations extended from South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi to Texas.
  • This are became known as the CottonKingdom
  • As CottonKingdom spread so did slavery
  • An Agricultural Economy
  • Cotton - South’s most profitable cash crop
  • In other areas of the South major crops were:
  • Rice
  • Sugar cane
  • Tobacco
  • Nation’s livestock
  • Horse breeding
  • Limited Industry
  • Most of the industry in the South remained small and existed only to meet the needs of a farming society
  • Many successful industries
  • Even so, South lagged behind the North in manufacturing
  • Slavery also reduced the need for southern industry
  • South mainly rural, some cities where only 8% of white southerners lived, free African Americans lived in towns and cities.
  • Economically Dependent – South came to depend more and more on the North and Europe economically.
  • Most white southerners did not own vast plantations, nor did they have hundreds of slaves, as is believed
  • Most white southerners were not rich planters and owned no slaves at all
  • Cottonocracy were wealthy families that made huge amounts of money from cotton and owned at least 50 or more slaves
  • Though few in number, their views and ways of life dominated the South
  • Richest planters built elegant homes and filled them with expensive furniture from Europe
  • Everything about their life was lavish
  • Because of their wealth, many became political leaders
  • Small farmers – 75% of southern white, owned land they farmed and maybe one or two enslaved Africans. Unlike planters – they worked with their slaves in the fields.
  • Poor whites – lower on the social ladder, but not as low as the blacks
  • African American Southerners – both free and enslaved lived in the South. Although free, they faced harsh discrimination. The enslaved had no rights at all
  • Free African Americans – most were descendants of slaves freed during and after the American Revolution. Others had bought their freedom.
  • To discourage free African Americans, southern states passed laws that made life even harder
  • Despite limits they were able to make lives for themselves
  • 1860 – enslaved African Americans made up one third of the South’s population
  • Slave Codes – laws passed to keep slaves from either rebelling or running away
  • They could not gather in groups of more than three
  • They could not leave their owner’s land without a written pass
  • They were not allowed to own guns
  • It was a crime for them to learn to read and write
  • Owners thought that keeping them illiterate enough would deter them from finding their way north to freedom
  • They did not have the right to testify in court, so they could not bring charges against abused by owners
  • Families were hard to keep together, owners could buy and sell husbands, wives and children
  • On large plantations their extended family managed to stay together more easily
  • African Americans preserved their traditions through stories and songs
  • By 1800s they were devout Christians

Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths

Section 4 – The Challenges of Growth

Obj: : to describe how settlers traveled west; the steps Americans took to improve their roads; and, to explain how steamboats and canals improved transportation

Settlers moving steadily westward since the 1600s

By 1820 population in some original 13 colonies declined because people moved west

Western Routes:

One route:

  • The Great Wagon Road (across PA)
  • South, along Wilderness Road (south)
  • Through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky

Another route:

  • The Great Wagon Road to Pittsburgh
  • To flatboats, (south)
  • The Ohio River into Indiana, Kentucky and Illinois

From Georgia and South Carolina: