ATOMIC MODELS
Use the following KEY to describe each atomic model:
D = Dalton T = Plum Pudding R = Gold Foil Experiment B = Line Spectrum Q = Quantum Mechanical Model
______1. cathode ray tube ______6. negative charge
______2. alpha particles ______7. mass of an atom is in the nucleus
______3. electrons create the atom’s volume ______8. electrons exist in defined energy levels
______4. positive charge in the nucleus ______9. electrons travel as wave
______5. excited atoms release energy ______10. quantum numbers describe the size, shape,
that is “quantized” and orientation in space of the atomic orbital.
______
THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Use the following KEY to answer these questions (more than one answer may apply):
P = protons N = neutrons E = electrons
______1. Most of the mass of the atom ______6. Size of a softball in a 6-mile atom
______2. 1+ charge ______7. 1/2000th amu
______3. Mass of 1 amu ______8. No charge
______4. Makes up the nucleus ______9. Found outside the nucleus
______5. Determines the radius of the atom ______10. Charge of 1-
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Complete the following table:
Isotope / Atomic Number / Mass Number / Protons / Neutrons / Electrons / Charge18O / 8
19 / 39 / 18
58Ni2+ / 58
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
1. One atomic mass unit (AMU) is exactly 1/12 the mass of a ______atom.
2. ______are atoms with the same number of ______, but different number of ______.
3. The molar mass of an element is an ______based on the ______of the isotopes.
4. Two isotopes are known: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. The relative abundance’s are 75.4% and 24.6%, respectively. What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?
MOLES, MASS AND MOLECULES
1 Mole = Molar Mass (Periodic Table) 1 Mole = 6.02 x 1023 Atoms or Molecules
1. Calculate the molar mass for magnesium hydroxide - Mg(OH)2.
2. How many moles are present in 34 grams of Mg(OH)2?
3. How many grams are present in 2.5 moles of Mg(OH)2?
4. How many moles are present in 2.45 x 1023 molecules of Mg(OH)2?
5. How many molecules are present in 2.5 moles of Mg(OH)2?
6. How many grams are there in 3.4 x 1024molecules of Mg(OH)2?
7. How many molecules are present in 34 grams of - Mg(OH)2?
How are the terms “molar mass” and “atomic mass” different from one another?
Which is a better unit for expressing molar mass, “amu” or “grams/mole”?
RADIOACTIVITY
Match the rays with the following ideas. Each ray may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a) alpha b) beta c) gamma
1 / http://www.chemmybear.com/groves/chempage.html___ 1. Two protons and two neutrons
___ 2. High speed electron
___ 3. a
___ 4. He
___ 5. Higher energy than x-rays
___ 6. b-
___ 7. Helium nucleus
___ 8. e
1 / http://www.chemmybear.com/groves/chempage.htmlALPHA AND BETA DECAY
Color in the third particle below and label each of the three particles with their isotopic notation.
This is an example of ______decay.
If the same particle went through a different type of decay, what would the product be? (draw and color)
Complete these nuclear reactions:
1 / http://www.chemmybear.com/groves/chempage.html1. Th ® Pa + c ( ______decay)
2. Pa ® c + He ( alpha decay)
3. Po ® c + e ( beta decay)
4. C ® N + c ( ______decay)
5. Bi ® c + c ( beta decay)
1 / http://www.chemmybear.com/groves/chempage.htmlRADIOACTIVE HALF LIFE
1. What is the half life of the graphed material? ____2. What mass of radioisotope will remain after 9.0 hours? _____
3. Plot the data from a substance with a half-life of 1.5 hours.
1. Lr-257 has a half life of 8 seconds. What % of a sample will remain 32 seconds after it is made?
2. Na-24 has a half life of 15 hours. How long will it take for a sample to decay to 25% of its original mass?
3. A 64 gram sample of I-131 is tested after 40 days and is found to contain only 2 grams of I-131. What is the half life of I-131?
FUSION VS FISSION
1. Fission is the ______of atoms. ______is a self-sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions. The minimum mass of fissionable material required to generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the ______.
2. Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction that releases energy as a result of the union of smaller nuclei to form larger ones.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Organize the following in terms of increasing energy.
1. heat from a burner 6. orange light
2. gamma radiation 7. short wave radio
3. MRI 8. ultrasound
4. radar 9. nuclear medicine
5. violet light 10. bone tissue imaging
WAVES AND ENERGY
E = hn where h =6.63 x 10-34 joule-second and n equals the frequency.
c = ln where c equals 3.00 x 108 m/s, l equals the wavelength, and n equals the frequency.
1. A radio wave has a wavelength of 75 meters. What is the frequency of this wave? What is the energy?
2. A certain green light has a frequency of 6.26 x 1014 Hz. What is its wavelength?
3. A certain violet light has a wavelength of 396 nm. What is the frequency of the light?
BOHR MODEL
1. Hydrogen atoms exist in only specific energy states.
2. Hydrogen atoms can absorb only certain amounts of energy and no others.
3. When excited hydrogen atoms lose energy, they lose only certain amounts of energy, emitted as photons.
4. The different photons given off by hydrogen atoms produce the color lines seen in the bright-line spectrum of hydrogen. The greater the energy lost by the atom, the greater the energy of the photon.
5. Line spectra create a unique fingerprint for each element and can be used to identify unknown elements.
ELECTRON CONFIGUATION
For s, p, d, and f, list the number of orbitals, shape, and total number of electrons.
What are the Pauli Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle, and Hund’s Rule?
Write the complete electron configuration and noble gas configuration
1. Germanium
2. Chromium
3. Copper
4. Silver
VALENCE ELECTRONS
Draw the orbital diagram for As (Z=33)Draw a box around the valence electrons.
/ For each element below, write in the number of valence electrons that it has:
H / He
Li / Be / B / C / N / O / F / Ne
Na / Mg / Al / Si / P / S / Cl / Ar
Which orbital(s) are farthest from the nucleus? ______
Which orbital(s) are highest energy? ______
METALS, NONMETALS & SEMIMETALS
Use the following KEY to answer these questions:
M = metals NM = nonmetals S = semimetals
______1. Shiny and ductile ______6. Argon, Ar, is an example
______2. Poor conductors ______7. Also called semiconductors
______3. Magnesium, Mg, is an example ______8. Silicon, Si, is an example
______4. Brittle ______9. Good conductors
______5. Arsenic, As, is an example ______10. Hydrogen, H, is an example
FAMILY QUESTIONS
Use the following KEY to answer these questions (more than one answer may be correct):
H = hydrogen AM = alkali metals AEM = alkaline earth metals HALO = halogens NG = noble gases
______1. Form 2+ ions ______6. Highest ionization energies
______2. All are diatomic ______7. Lowest ionization energies
______3. Have full valence orbitals ______8. Gain 1 electron when forming ions
______4. React quickly with water ______9. Family only has one member
______5. Form 1- ions ______10. Members include (s), (l), & (g)
IONIZATION ENERGIES
This is a graph of the ionization energies for the first 20 elements by atomic number. / Use the information on this chart to determine which families are W, X, and Y:1 / 2 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18
1 / H
131 / Ionization Energy / He
237
2 / Li
52 / Be
90 / B
80 / C
109 / N
140 / O
131 / F
168 / Ne
208
3 / Na
49 / Mg
74 / Al
58 / Si
79 / P
106 / S
100 / Cl
126 / Ar
152
4 / K
42 / Ca
59
W is the ______family.
X is the ______family.
Y is the ______family.
RECOGNIZING TRENDS
In each group of atoms, circle the atom with the…
largestatomic radius / largest
ionization energy / smallest
atomic radius / smallest ionization energy
Li / Be / C / N / S / Cl / Cl / Ar
Na / Mg / Al / Si / Se / Br / Br / Kr
Iodine, I, would have properties most like:
N, nitrogen
Cl, chlorine
Te, tellurium
Xe, xenon
N
Cl
Te / I / Xe
SIZES OF ATOMS & IONS
For each pair, circle the LARGER one (size, not mass):
1. N F 6. Ne Ar
2. Mg Mg2+ 7. Br Br-
3. K Ca 8. Si O
4. O O2- 9. Al Al3+
5. S Ar 10. Na F
ELECTRONS OF IONS
Complete the following tables:
O2- / F- / Ne / Na+ / Mg2+# protons / 10
# electrons / 10
S2- / Cl- / Ar / K+ / Ca2+
# protons / 18
# electrons / 18
Al3+ has the same number of electrons as the noble gas, ______
I- has the same number of electrons as the noble gas, ______
PERIODIC PUZZLERS
The following elements belong together in families as grouped below. Use the clues to fill in the chart.
AQ, MB, GNC
1 / 182 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17
Clues:
1. A is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
2. G has the highest ionization energy of any atom.
3. M forms 2+ ions.
4. N is the largest member of its group.
5. B has a greater atomic radius than M.
6. C has 8 valence electrons
7. Q has the configuration 1s22s22p4
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