RAJIVGANDHIUNIVERSITY O.F HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
ANNEXURE-II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FORDISSERTATION
1. / Name of the Candidate & address( IN BLOCK LETTERS) / MRS. SHYNA P. GOPINATH,
1st YEAR MSC NURSING,
DR. M V SHETTY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES,VIDYANAGAR,
MANGALORE
2. / Name of the Institution / Dr.M V SHETTY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES,VIDYANAGAR, MANGALORE
3. / Course of Study and Subject / MSc NURSING PEADIATRIC NURSING
4. / Date of admission to course / 12/05/2007
5. / Title of Topic / A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE ON IMPORTANCE OF PLAY FOR UNDERFIVE CHILDREN AMONG MOTHERS IN A SELECTED URBAN AREA AT MANGALORE, DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP HEALTH EDUCATION PAMPHLET.
INTRODUCTION
The nation walks on the feet of little children,
The children of today ought to have sound health in order to build a healthy nation.
(Jawaharlal Nehru)
Play is the work of children. It consists of those activities performed for self amusement that have behavioral, social and psychomotor rewards. It is child-directed, and the rewards come from within the individual child, it is enjoyable and spontaneous. Play takes many forms, but the heart of all play is pleasure, we play from birth on-we play using our bodies and our minds. While the exact nature of play evolves, becoming more complex as we grow, play at all ages brings pleasure.1
Under five year is special years for both the child and parents. These children have an insatiable curiosity to explore the unknown and seek explanations for that which is not understood. The under five children bring changes in the parent-child relationship. Parents continue to be the primary teachers, protectors, and supporters of the child as the child develop new skills and discover his or her uniqueness.2
Play facilitated the development of an optional self identity by establishment of an imaginary friend, which helps a child work through a particularly difficult time. The child’s cognitive capacity is enhanced in games by trial and error, problem solving, and practice discriminating between relevant and irrelevant information. Play requires the child to make choices and direct activities and often involves strategy or planning, to reach a goal.Inter personal/social skills, ranging from communication to cooperation develop in play. When playing with peers, children learn a system of social rules, including ways to control themselves and tolerate their frustration in a social setting.3
The AmericanAcademy of pediatrics published a study on “The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds”. The reports states, free and unstructured play is healthy and infact essential for helping the children to reach important social, emotional and cognitive developmental milestones as well as helping them to manage stress and become resilient.4
Majority of parents believe that play is critical to childhood development (75%) This belief proved strong in rural area (85%) followed by urban (74%) so it essential to educate the urban mothers about the importance of play.
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED STUDY
6.1 Need for the Study:
Play in children promotes the healthy child development and maintaining strong parent child bond. Play is essential for development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical, social and emotional sell being of children and youth. Play also offers and ideal opportunity for parents to engage fully with their children. Variety of factors that have reduced play, including a hurried life style, changed in family structure, and increased attention to academics. So educate the mothers about the importance of play is an important factor5.
An experimental study conducted on play therapy with child witnesses of domestic violence in India, during a 6 month period, facilitated with the age of 4 and 10 years residing in the domestic shelter. Complete data was collected on 22 children in experimental group and 22 children in the control group. Result showed that children in the experimental group scored significantly higher than children in the control group on self-concept. Mothers of the children in the experimental group reported that their children exhibited significantly fewer externalizing behavior problems and fewer total behavioral problems. Children in the experimental group scored significantly higher (81%) than children in the control group (75%).This study indicate the need to educate the mothers about the importance of play6
An experimental study was conducted in London on play therapy with children identified as lacking in coping mechanism that facilitate learning behaviors aged 4-9 year on 31 children in experimental group and 31 children in control group. The experimental group participated in six half-hour weekly child- centered play therapy sessions. The control group received no intervention. The result showed that self-efficiency increased for those children participating in play therapy.7
The Association for Child- hood Education International (ACEI) believes that as today’s children continue to experience pressure to succeed in all areas, the necessity for play becomes even more critical.ACEI supports all adults who respect, understand and advocate legitimizing play as an essential path way to learning for all populations of children. When working with children, adults should use their knowledge about play to guide their practice. In 1988 ACEI position statement on play,”Play;A necessity for all children”.ACEI believes that play a dynamic, active and constructive behavior is an essential and integral part of all children’s healthy growth, development and learning across all ages, domains and cultures.8
Theorists, regardless of their orientation, concur that play occupies a central role in children’s lives. They also suggests that the absence of play is an obstacle to the development of healthy and creative individuals.Psyhoanalysts believe that play is necessary for mastering emotional traumas or disturbances, psycho sociologist believes it is necessary for ego mastery and learning to live with every day experiences. Constructivists for competence building and for socializing functions in all cultures of the world; and neuroscientists believe it necessary for emotional and physical health and motivaton.So play is the overall development of the children.8
The above studies suggest that play is the over all development of the children. Parents, especially mothers, are extremely important in structuring the external environment that encourages and facilitates play activities.
6.2 Review of Literature
An experimental study conducted on Short-term group play therapy in an elementary school with Chinese children in Taiwan following with Chinese Earthquake victim; effect of anxiety, depression and adjustment. This study concluded that the effectiveness of short-term child-centered-group play therapy in elementary school settings with Chinese children in Taiwan who experiences an earthquake in 1999.The result showed that children in the experimental group scored significantly lower on anxiety level and suicide risk after play therapy than did children in the control play.9
A Descriptive study was conducted to empirically test whether systematic examination of emotions and themes in children’s play can provide useful information about childhood problems? On 51children of age 3,4and5 years, to measure behavioral problems. Results revealed that children show display more distress during play at 4 and 5years of age and who demonstrate destructive themes at four and five year of age appear to have more externalizing behavior problems , as rated by their parents and teachers.10
A descriptive study conducted on Day by Day; playing and learning in LynnUniversity, Discussion of the inherent value of youngsters play high lights significant factors to consider when interacting with children in a variety of contexts. Result showed that appropriate play activities can provide optimal opportunities for healthy cognitive and socio emotional development. Presentation of several case examples illustrates the importance of integrating play in child development programmes. 11
A Descriptive study was conducted on the importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent child bonds. Result showed that play is essential for development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical, social and emotional well being of children and youth. Play also offers an ideal opportunity for parents to engage fully with their children. Variety of factors that have reduced play, including a hurried life style, changes in family structure, and increased attention to academics.5
A descriptive study was conducted on the role of pretend play in children’s cognitive development. The result shows role of play in children’s cognitive, social and academic development and also facilitate for abstract thought, it may facilitate higher level cognition.12
6.3 Statement of problem
A descriptive study to assess the knowledge on importance of play for underfive children among mothers in a selected urban area at Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District with a view to develop health education pamphlet.
6.4 Objectives of the study
The objectives of the study are to:
1)determine the pre-existing knowledge of mothers of underfive children on importance of play as measured by closed ended structured questionnaire.
2) find the association between knowledge scored on importance of play among mothers of underfive children with selected demographic variables.
3)develop and distribute health education pamphlet on importance of play among mothers of underfive children.
6.5 Operational Definition
Descriptive study: In this study it refers to the detailed description of existing knowledge of mothers of underfive children on importance of play
Mothers’ Knowledge: It refers to the correct response given by the mothers of underfive children to the items in the structured questionnaire regarding importance of play which are scored added to quantify their knowledge.
Mothers:In this study it refers to mothers of children who are residing in selected urban area at Mangalore
Underfive children: In this study it refers to children who are less than five year in selected urban areaat Mangalore.
Play: In this study it refers to crucial factor in the over all well-being of children.
Health education pamphlet: In this study it refers to self learning information prepared in English and Kannada on importance of play.
6.6 Assumption
The investigator assumes that:
1 mothers of underfive children will have some knowledge regarding the importance of play.
2. the mothers who would be able to respond to the investigator question.
3. health education pamphlet will increase knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding the importance of play.
6.7 DELIMITATION
The study is limited to:
1 mothers of under five children.
2. urban area at Mangalore
6.8 Hypothesis
There will be significant association between knowledge score of the mothers of under five children and the selected demographic variables.
7. MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.1 Source of data
The data will be collected from 50 mothers of under five children who fulfill the inclusion criteria and will be to participate in the study.
7.1.1 Research Design
The research involves description of the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding importance of play and finds their association with variables. So research design is typical descriptive design.
7.1.2 Setting
The study will be conducted in a selected urban area at Mangalore, Dakshina Karnataka
7.1.3 Population
In the present study, the population will include mothers of under five children in selected urban area at Mangalore
7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
7.2.1 Sampling procedure
Non-probability samplingtechniquewill be appropriate to select 50 mothers from selected urban area as the sample for the study.
7.2.2 Sample size
It is planned to collect data from 50mothers of under five children who resides in the selected urban area.
7.2.3 Inclusion criteria
1. Mothers of under five children in the selected urban area.
2. Mothers available at the time of data collection
3. Mothers willing to participate in the study.
4. Mothers who can understand Kannada and English
7.2.4 Exclusion criteria
1. Mothers who are in rural area
2. The mothers who all are not willing to participate.
3. Mothers of children above the age of 5 yrs
7.2.5 Instruments used
Close ended structured questionnaire will be prepared based on the review of literature and in consultation with the experts in the field of medicine and nursing will be used to collect data.
7.2.6 Data collection method
The researcher will obtain permission from the concerned authority. The purpose of the study will be explained to all the mothers of under five children and informed consent will be obtained from them. The close ended structured questionnaire will be administered to determine the knowledge of the subjects.
7.2.7 Data analysis plan
Descriptive statistics are useful for summarizing empirical information. Inferential statistics which are based on laws of probability provide a means of drawing conclusion about the population from the data will be obtained for the sample.
Data will be analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. First of all the data will arrange in master sheet. Demographic variables will be presented using frequency and percentages. Mean, mean percentage; standard deviation will be using to present the knowledge on importance of play. Data will be presented in the form of tables, graphs and diagrams
7.3 Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on patients or any other humans or animals? If so, please describe briefly.
Yes, the study requires data to be obtained from employed mothers of under five children.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?
Permission to conduct the study has been obtained from the ethical committee of the institution.Infoamed consent will be obtained from the subjects.
REFERENCES
- Wikipedia; The free encyclopedia; Play activity, page no; 1-14
- Jackson Debra Broad well, Saunders B Rebecca; Child Health Nursing; A Comprehensive Approach to the care of children and their families;1st Edition; J B Lippincott company;1993;Page No.301-302
- Perry Duncan Bruce, the importance of pleasure in play, ,2002
- Frost L Joe, Norquist Tom, The importance of play, Association Guest column inter national play ground equipment manufactures Association, 2000, Page No 1-4
- Ginsburg R Kenneth, The importance of play in promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds, 2006
- Kot S, Landreth G, Giordano M, Intensive child- centered play therapy with child witnesses of domestic violence, International journal of play therapy, 1998
- Fall M, Balbanz J, Jhonson L, Nelson, A ply therapy intervention and its relationship to self-efficacy and learning behaviors, professional school counseling, 1999
- Isenberg Joan Packer, Quisenbery Nancy, Play: Essential for All Children, 1999, Page No, 1-8,
- Shen Yih-Jiun, Short term group play therapy with Chinese earthquake victims: Effects on anxiety, depression, and adjustment, International Journal of play therapy, 2002
- Warren Susan L, Oppenheim David, Emde Robert N, An emotions and themes in children’s play predict behavior problems, Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent psychiatry, 1996,35(July)
- Kaufman A Barbara, Day By Day: Playing and Learning, International Journal of play therapy, 1994.
12. Bergen Doris, The Role of Pretend Play in Children’s Cognitive Development, 2002, Page No.1-10
9. / SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE10. / REMARKS OF THE GUIDE / HAS AN IMPLICATION TO NURSING. IT IS FEASIBLE TO CONDUCT THE STUDY
11. / NAME AND DESIGNATION OF
11.1 GUIDE
11.2 SIGNATURE / MRS. HELEN CLARET D’SOUZA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
PAEDIATRIC NURSING
DR. M.V. SHETTY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
MANGALORE
11.4 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
11.5 SIGNATURE / MRS HELEN CLARET D’SOUZA
12 / 12.1 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL / RECOMMENDED
12.2 SIGNATURE
1