WHAP Unit 3 Chapter 8 Reading GuideName:
/164Date:
Hour:
Read Chapter 8 and Identify the following:
Song dynasty: Chinese dynasty (960-1279) marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society
Neo-Confucianism: philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; Zhu Xi
Grand Canal: North/south water trade route built during Sui dynasty
Foot binding: practice in China that showed patriarchy and social status by placing women under father/husband control, involves the breaking and binding of the feet in order to keep them small
Middle Kingdom:China is the center of the world, others are inferior and subordinate / Barbarians: people outside of Chinese civilization, central Asian northern nomads
Tribute system: a set of practices that required non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge the superiority of China by paying tribute and performing the kowtow.
Xiongnu: an early nomadic confederacy that was a serious threat to China
Jurchen: nomadic peoples who established a state that included much of the steppes as well as parts of Northern China
Silla Kingdom: Korea, under tribute system/control of China
Seventeen Article Constitution:
Japanese document that proclaims emperor and encourages Buddhism and Confucianism / Samurai: Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido
Bushido: the “way of the warrior”, the code of conduct of the Japanese samurai that was based on loyalty and honor
Kami: sacred spirits who can be either human ancestors or natural phenomena
The Tale of Genji: written by MurasakiShikibu, provides firsthand look at the intrigues and romances of life at the Japnaese court c. 1000
Pure Land School: branch of Buddhism that emphasizes salvation by faith without study or intensive meditation, involves faithful repetition of the name of Amitabha Buddha, regarding that as sufficient to ensure rebirth in a heavenly realm
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Key Concept 3.1 / Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities. / Silk Roads, Grand Canal, Sea Roads, Yellow River
Chang’an, Kaifeng, Yangzhou, Hangzhou, Suzhou
C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organizations; use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization. / Silk, spices, feathers, pearls, tortoise shells, melons, etc.
Over Silk Roads
Letters of Credit (flying cash), promissory notes, checks, paper money due to shortage of copper coins
D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures. / Communication networks and transportation: roads, horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, stables
Granaries
Grand Canal
E. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks. / Han fell----Sui, Tang, Song
Tributary System: Korea, Vietnam
Military expansion of dynasties like Tang
Jin land taken from Song from Jurchen
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it. / Communication network
Equal-field system
Grand Canal
Paper printing, naval technology: waterproofing, compass
C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages. / Chinese in Japan: literature, court records
Chinese writings in Korea and Vietnam
III. Cross cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.
B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. / Merchants from all over eastern hemisphere on Silk Roads, creating cosmopolitan areas/cities
Buddhist monks/monasteries (Dunhuang)
Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans, Muslims
C. The writings of certain interregional travelers illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding. / People making pilgrimages to India for Buddhism (Xuanzang)
Missionaries/monks
Marco Polo
ShotokuTaishi
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions. / Li Bo=poet
Tale of Genji-Japan
Buddhism blended with Chinese beliefs/ideas=Chan
Buddhism, Confucianism to Japan, Korea, Vietnam
Neo-Confucianism
Kowtow
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions. / Porcelain, metallurgy, gunpowder, printing, naval technology, compass, paper, silk
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas. / Fast-ripening rice from Champa/Vietnam
From China to Vietnam---irrigation systems
Equal-field system
B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest. / Over the Silk Roads
Key Concept 3.2 / Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.
A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties---Sui, Tang, and Song---combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances. / Sui: military campaigns, legalism, high taxes, 589 CE, Sui Yangdi
Tang: communication and transportation networks, equal-field system, bureaucracy of merit, tributary system
Song: merit pay=more taxes, no military, fell to Mongols 1279
B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged; including those developed in various Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan. / Feudalism in Japan=Shogun, samurai, bushido during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1185-1573)
C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions. / Japan/Chinese traditions
Japan adopted court, equal-field system, Confucianism, Buddhism
Tributary system
Traditions spread to Korea, Vietnam and Japan
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers / Between Tang China and the Abbasids:
Korea/Silla Kingdom and Vietnam forced into tributary system with China.
Key Concept 3.3 / Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations. / Granaries
Mountainside terracing
Champa rice
Iron tools, plows
Harnessed oxen---yokes
Manure
Irrigation systems
B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions. / Champa rice/fast-ripening rice
Oranges and sugarcane grown in Southern China
C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artists and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China. / Porcelain=used first in China, artistic, decorated, strong
Silks=clothing, paper, musical instruments, currency
Iron and steel used for weaponry, tools, and construction
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
A. Multiple factors contributed to the declines of urban areas in this period. / Sacking of cities by Uighers/barbarians
Threats on the borders from barbarians
B. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival. / Agricultural productivity
Canal/infrastructure
More food leads to higher population
Safety in travel/trade
Merchants traveling in from other areas
Influence of China on outside areas
C. While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous cities emerged to take on these established roles. / Chang’an
Nara, Heian, Kamakura, Hangzhou, Guangzhou,
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.
A. As in the previous period, there were many forms of labor organization. / Compulsory labor for the government
B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence. / Footbinding: upper class women
Vietnamese women had a greater role in society than Chinese, they were greatly involved in commerce/business
Enhanced family solidarity through more ritualistic/ceremonious behavior
Graveside rituals
C. New forms of coerced labor appeared. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. / Compulsory labor for the government
In 610, rebellion brought down Sui dynasty—Sui Yangdi was assassinated
D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure. / Neo-Confucianism: reasserted family rituals and propriety, filial piety, ceremony
Monasteries went against idea of the family and ancestor veneration, but “one son in the monastery brings salvation for generations”