The Table Shows Some Information About Four Metals

Questions

Q1.
Metal atoms

The table shows some information about four metals.

metal / atomic number / electronic configuration
lithium / 3 / 2.1
sodium / 11
magnesium / 12 / 2.8.2
calcium / 20 / 2.8.8.2

(a)State the electronic configuration of sodium.

(1)

......

(b)Magnesium and calcium are in the same group of the periodic table.

Explain why they are both in the same group.

(2)

......

(c)Complete the sentence by putting a cross () in the box next to your answer.

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of

(1)

Aneutrons in the nucleus of its atom

Belectrons in the nucleus of its atom

Cprotons in the nucleus of its atom

Dprotons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom

(d)Which of these statements is correct about the particles in atoms?

Put a cross () in the box next to your answer.

(1)

Aa proton has the same mass as an electron

Ban electron is heavier than a proton

Ca neutron is lighter than an electron

Da neutron has the same mass as a proton

(e)A lithium atom contains charged particles and yet the atom has no overall charge.

Explain why.

(2)

......

Q2.

Nitrogen and oxygen are present in the air.

Another gas present in air is carbon dioxide, CO2.
There are covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule of carbon dioxide.

(i) Describe what is meant by a covalent bond.

(2)

......

(ii) The electronic configuration of oxygen (atomic number 8) is 2.6.

Give the electronic configuration of carbon (atomic number 6).

(1)

......

(iii) Draw a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of carbon dioxide.

Show outer electrons only.

(2)

Q3.

Particles and formulae

(a) Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.

Complete the table to show the relative mass and relative charge of each particle and its position in an atom.

(3)

(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross () in the box next to your answer.

An atom of an element always contains

(1)

A more protons than neutrons

B equal numbers of protons and neutrons

C more electrons than protons

D equal numbers of protons and electrons

From the box, choose the symbol of

(i) an atom in group 2 of the periodic table

(1)

......

(ii) an atom that readily forms an ion with a charge of 2−

(1)

......

(d) The formula of aluminium nitrate is Al(NO3)3

(i) State the total number of atoms in the formula Al(NO3)3

(1)

......

(ii) What is the most likely formula of aluminium nitride?

Put a cross () in the box next to your answer.

(1)

A Al(NO3)2

B AlNO3

C AlNO2

D AlN

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q4.

The table shows the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in particles P, Q, R, S, T and V.

(i) Which particle is a negatively charged ion?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

(1)

(ii) Which particles are atoms of metals?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

(1)

AP and R

BQ and R

CQ and S

DQ, S and V

Q5.

Boron exists as two isotopes.

These are boron-10, 105B, and boron-11, 115B.

* A sample of boron contains 20% boron-10 and 80% boron-11.

In part (a) you were given the structure of a boron-10 atom.

Describe the structure of a boron-11 atom and explain why, in this sample, boron has a relative atomic mass of 10.8.

(6)

......

Q6.
A lithium atom contains charged particles and yet the atom has no overall charge.

Explain why.

(2)

......

Q7.
Magnesium and calcium are in the same group of the periodic table.

Explain why they are both in the same group.

(2)

......

Q8.

* Magnesium has an electronic configuration of 2.8.2.
Oxygen has an electronic configuration of 2.6.

Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, how magnesium and oxygen atoms react to form the ionic compound magnesium oxide, MgO, and include a description of the structure of solid magnesium oxide.

(6)

......

Q9.

(a) The table shows the names and formulae of three ions.

name of ion / formula of ion
calcium / Ca2+
nitrate / NO3–
phosphate / PO43–

What is the formula of calcium nitrate?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

(1)

ACa2NO3

BCaNO3

CCa3NO2

DCa(NO3)2

(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

The number of oxygen atoms in the formula Ca3(PO4)2 is

(1)

D12

Sodium sulfide is an ionic compound.

Describe, in terms of electron transfer, how sodium atoms react with sulfur atoms to form sodium sulfide.

Your description should include the charges on the ions formed.

(4)

*(d) Explain the difference in the ability of solid sodium chloride and molten sodium chloride to conduct electricity in terms
of their structures.

(6)

(Total for Question is 12 marks)

Mark Scheme

Q1.

Question
Number / Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(a) / 2.8.1 / any separation allowed / (1)
Question
Number / Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(b) / An explanation linking two of the following points •both have two electrons (1) •in outer shell (1) •(therefore) in group 2 (1) / (2)
Question
Number / Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(c) / C / (1)
Question
Number / Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(d) / D / (1)
Question
Number / Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(e) / An explanation linking the following points •equal numbers of / three protons and electrons (in atoms) (1) •proton (charge) +1 and electron (charge) -1 (1) / (2)
Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(i) / An description including
shared (electrons) (1)
pair(s) of electrons (between atoms) (1) / Ignore reference to complete/full shells
Ignore reference to between two metals
Ignore reference to between metal and non-metal
Ignore reference to between molecules
Any reference to between ions scores 0 / (2)
(ii) / 2.4 / (1)
(iii) / diagram showing
any shared pair of electrons between a carbon and oxygen atom in CO2 molecule (1)
rest of molecule correct (1) / Must have O C O arrangement If any atom labelled must be correct Ignore inner electrons even if wrong electrons can be on/in ring or no ring
Ignore intersecting circles Accept all permutations of dots and crosses / (2)

Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(i) / C T / (1)
(ii) / C Q and S / (1)
Indicative Content / Mark
QWC / * / An explanation linking some of the following Structure of boron-11
boron-11 atom has
 5 /same number of protons
 5 /same number of electrons
 6 neutrons / one more neutron than boron 10 Working out RAM
relative atomic mass is 10.8 because
 weighted mean
 more boron-11 than boron-10
 boron-11 atoms are heavier
 (therefore) relative atomic mass nearer 11 than 10 OR
 in sample given 20/100 of the atoms have a mass of 10
 in sample given 80/100 of the atoms have a mass of 11
 20/100*10=2
 80/100*11=8.8
 2+8.8=10.8 NB the diagram in part (a) gives the structure for boron-10 so do not give credit for this (even if claimed to be structure of boron-11 by referring to it as 'it') / (6)
Level / 0 / No rewardable content
1 / 1 - 2 /
 a limited description e.g. boron-11 has 5 protons and 6 neutrons
 the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology
 spelling, puncuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy
2 / 3 - 4 /
 a simple explanation e.g. boron-11 has 5 protons, 5 electrons and 6 neutrons and is heavier than boron-10.
 the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately
 spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy
3 / 5 - 6 /
 a detailed explanation e.g. boron-11 has 5 protons, 5 electrons and 6 neutrons, is heavier than boron-10 and there is more of boron-11 therefore relative atomic mass nearer to 11 than 10.
 the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately
 spelling, puncuation and grammar are used with few errors
Question
Number / Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
An explanation linking the following points •equal numbers of / three protons and electrons (in atoms) (1) •proton (charge) +1 and electron (charge) -1 (1) / (2)

Q2.

Question
Number / Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
An explanation linking two of the following points •both have two electrons (1) •in outer shell (1) •(therefore) in group 2 (1) / (2)

Q3.

Indicative Content / Mark
QWC / * / A description including some of the following points ion formation
magnesium atoms lose electrons
each magnesium atom loses two electrons
to acquire full outer shell
magnesium (configuration) becomes 2.8
forms Mg2+ ion
electrons transferred to oxygen atoms
oxygen atoms gain electrons
each oxygen atom gains two electrons
oxygen (configuration) becomes 2.8
to acquire full outer shell
forms O2- ionstructure
magnesium ions attract oxide ions
due to opposite charges
ions pack close together
ratio of ions 1: 1
ions arranged in lattice
giant (ionic) (structure)diagram can be credited for any points / (6)
Level / 0 / No rewardable content
1 / 1 - 2 /
a limited description e.g. magnesium atoms lose electrons and oxygen atoms gain electrons e.g. magnesium oxide is a giant structure
the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology
spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy
2 / 3 - 4 /
a simple description e.g. magnesium atoms lose two electrons to form positive ions and oxygen atoms gain two electrons to form negative ions
e.g. magnesium atoms lose electrons and oxygen atoms gain electrons and magnesium oxide is a giant structure
 the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately
 spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy
3 / 5 - 6 /
a detailed description e.g. each magnesium atom transfers two electrons to an oxygen atom and the opposite charged ions (Mg2+ /O 2-) formed attract each other to form a giant (ionic) lattice
 the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately
 spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors

Q4.

Answer / Acceptable answers / Mark
(a) / D : Ca(NO3)2 / (1)
(b) / C : 8 / (1)
(c) / Description including four of the following sodium - 2.8.1 / 1 electron in outer shell (1)
sodium (atoms) lose electrons (1)
one per atom (1)
(forms) Na+ (1)
sulphur - 2.8.6 / 6 electrons in outer shell (1)
sulfur (atoms) gain electrons (1)
two per atom (1)
(forms) S2- (1)
two sodium atoms / ions combine with one sulfur atom / ion (1)
formula is Na2S (1) / Marks can be gained using diagrams mention of shared electrons / covalent bonding in words or diagram = max 2 marks / (4)
Indicative Content / Mark
*(d) / A description including some of the following points solid
regular arrangement/ lattice (of ions)
sodium/Na+ ions
chloride /Cl- ions
(held together by)
strong (ionic) bonds
strong (electrostatic) forces of attraction
between oppositely charged ions / positive and negatively
charged ions
closely packed together
(when solid) does not conduct
because ions cannot move molten
heat energy overcomes/breaks (strong ionic) bonds
strong (electrostatic) forces of attraction
between oppositely charged ions / positive and negatively
charged ions
ions can move
(therefore) conducts when molten / (6)
Level / 0 / No rewardable content
1 / 1 - 2 /
a limited explanation e.g. does not conduct when solid e.g. does conduct when molten
the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology
spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy
2 / 3 - 4 /
a simple explanation e.g. does not conduct when solid, does conduct when molten because ions / particles / atoms can move
the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately
spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy
3 / 5 - 6 /
a detailed explanation e.g. solid has strong ionic bonds (between oppositely charged ions), does not conduct when solid because ions cannot move, does conduct when molten because ions can move
the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately
spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors