Physiology Study Guide 4: Review of Cell Biology 17

Steven A. Fink; Instructor

PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 4:

REVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGY

True/False

____ 1. The DNA of the chromosomes specifies the type of proteins an individual is capable of synthesizing.

____ 2. An individual's pancreas cells have exactly the same genetic information as does his skin cells.

____ 3. All cells in the normal adult human are capable of cell division.

____ 4. All organisms begin life as a single cell.

____ 5. Individuals with "Type A" blood have Type A proteins ("antigens") on the surface of their red blood cells.

____ 7. Certain genes predispose an individual toward shyness.

____ 8. Each somatic cell that develops from the fertilized ovum is genetically identical.

____ 9. Autosomal traits are those located on the sex chromosomes.

____10. The Y sex chromosome is found only in males.

____11. Cells normally replace "old proteins" with "new proteins."

____12. The transport of a substance from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration would be called "active transport."

____13. RNA molecules contain glucose, whereas DNA molecules contain deoxyribose.

____14. The endoplasmic reticulum contains the enzymes for the Kreb's cycle.

____15. Each type of cell in the body contains a different set of genes and thus synthesizes a different set of proteins.

____16. All cells that are alive, live in a fluid environment.

____17. Glucose enters cells via transporter proteins.

____18. Lipid-soluble molecules cross the cell membrane through protein channels.

____19. Malignant tumors show metastasis, while benign tumors do not.

____20. A normal cell may become transformed into a cancer cell by a genetic mutation.

____21. The activation of certain Receptor Sites “turns-on” transporter proteins to start working.

____22. The major characteristic of cancerous cells is that they phagocytize (eat) normal body cells.

____23. Circulating human red blood cells lack a nucleus and cannot repair themselves when injured.

____24. The greater the difference in concentration, the slower the rate of net diffusion.

____25. All molecules of the same size diffuse through the membrane at the same rate.

____26. The concentration of water outside of the cells of the body is normally the same as the concentration inside the cells of the body.

____27. Glucose is hydrophobic and thus passes easily through the membrane by diffusion.

____28. Activation of Receptor Sites on cells can cause ion channels to open.

____29. Any drug that “blocks” particular hormone Receptor Sites in the body will increase the effect of that hormone.

____30. Active Transport is usually used by cells to transport substances from a low-concentration to a hi-concentration.

____31. The rate of active transport of substances exhibits a maximum limit.

____32. The rate of diffusion of substances exhibits a maximum limit.

____33. The activation of certain Receptor Sites “turns-on” certain enzymes.

____34. The activation of certain Receptor Sites “turns-on” linker proteins & causes chemotaxis.

____35. Old nucleic acids are constantly being broken-down & replaced by the synthesis of new proteins.

Multiple Choice

____36. The cytoplasm of a cell is made-up mostly of:

(a) water & salts

(b) water & proteins

(d) nucleic acids & sugars

(e) proteins & salts

____37. Iodine is concentrated in the cells of the thyroid gland by:

(a) diffusion

(b) osmosis

(d) phagocytosis

(e) secretion

____38. Which one of the following directly participates in cell division?

(a) the Golgi complex

(b) the lysosomes

(d) the thylakoid disks
(e) the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

____39. Substances, like hormones, produced within a cell, are usually temporarily stored in:
(a) the nucleus
(b) leukoplasts
(c) the Golgi complex
(d) contractile vacuoles
(e) mitochondria

____40. Which one of the following best describes the structural arrangement of the cell membrane?
(a) a solid, rigid layer of phospholipid with loosely bound protein

molecules
(b) a bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are

embedded
(c) strong layers of protein molecules where carbohydrate molecules

freely float
(d) three layers: lipid on the inside, protein in the middle, and

polysaccharide carbohydrates on the outside

____41. Which one of the following organelles is a "stack of flattened sacs"?
(a) centrioles
(b) Golgi complex
(c) mitochondria
(d) ribosomes
(e) chromoplasts

____42. The rate of diffusion decreases as temperature:
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) temperature has no effect

____43. Which one of the following is synthesized in the smooth ER of cells?
(a) estrogen
(b) insulin
(c) glycogen
(d) oxytocin
(e) sucrase

____44. Which one of the following substances is actively transported out of cells?

(a) CO2

(b) H2O

(d) Na+

(e) ATP

____45. The channels (or pores) present in a cell membrane are:

(a) modified plasmids

(b) vacuoles

(d) globular proteins

(e) steroid molecules

____46. Crenation of a cell may occur when it is placed in a(n) ______ solution.
(a) neutral
(b) isotonic
(c) salty (hypertonic)
(d) pure water (hypotonic)
(e) basic

____47. In exocytosis, _______ unite with the cell membrane and release their contents to the outside of the cell.
(a) phagosomes
(b) secretory vesicles
(c) endosomes
(d) pinocytic vesicles

____48. Which is the correct sequence for making proteins and transporting them out of the cell?
(a) ribosome [ centriole [ Golgi Apparatus [ secretory vessicle
(b) smooth ER [ Golgi Apparatus [ secretory vessicle
(c) nucleus [ centriole [ ribosome [ lysosome [ secretory vessicle
(d) rough ER [ Golgi Apparatus [ lysosome [ secretory vessicle
(e) rough ER [ Golgi Apparatus [ secretory vessicle

____49. Sickle Cell Anemia is associated with the synthesis of abnormal:
(a) carbohydrates
(b) protein
(c) blood vessels
(d) liver cells
(e) hormones

____50. RNA is contained in the:
(a) lysosomes
(b) Golgi complex
(c) nucleolus
(d) thylakoid disks
(e) centrioles

____51. Charged ions and molecules pass through the cell membrane:
(a) by dissolving in the phospholipid bilayer
(b) because of their small size
(c) through channels or by transport proteins
(d) because they are all water soluble

____52. The pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA involves:
(a) purine to purine
(b) pyrimidine to pyrimidine
(c) purine to pyrimidine
(d) all of the above
(e) both (a) & (b)

____53. Which one of the following is a purine nucleotide?
(a) thymine
(b) guanine
(c) cytosine
(d) uracil
(e) all of the above

____54. Chromosomes (DNA) contain the genetic instructions for making:
(a) enzymes
(b) structural proteins
(c) antibodies
(d) hormones
(e) all of the above (a-d)

____55. Steroid hormones are synthesized in the _______ of a cell.
(a) mitochondria
(b) nucleolus
(c) Golgi complex
(d) ribosomes
(e) endoplasmic reticulum

____56. All of the following would affect the rate that Substance X diffuses into a cell EXCEPT the:
(a) molecular size of Substance X
(b) lipid-solubility of Substance X
(c) concentration of Substance X on the outside of the cell
(d) concentration of Substance X on the inside of the cell
(e) rate of energy production within the cell

____57. The engulfing of a bacteria by a white blood cell is called:
(a) osmosis
(b) transcription
(c) phagocytosis
(d) karyokinesis
(e) crenation

____58. What substances are synthesized on the ribosomes of a cell?
(a) DNA
(b) sugars
(c) proteins
(d) lipids
(e) vitamins

____59. Our body is able to recognize foreign cells from its own cells by the __________ on the cell membrane.
(a) phospholipids
(b) steroids
(c) RNA
(d) glycoproteins
(e) none of the above; our body can not recognize foreign cells from its

own cells

____60. Which type of substance is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
(a) monosaccharides
(b) proteins
(c) phospholipids
(d) steroids
(e) vitamins

____61. The specializing of cells into different types during embryonic development is called:
(a) amniocentesis
(b) cytokinesis
(c) translation
(d) differentiation
(e) replication

____62. A fertilized ovum which will become a normal female baby has:
(a) one X chromosome from the mother & one Y chromosome from the

father
(b) one X chromosome from the mother & one X chromosome from the

maternal grandfather
(c) one X chromosome from the father and one X chromosome from the

mother
(d) one Y chromosome from the mother & one X chromosome from the

father
(e) one Y chromosome from the mother & one Y chromosome from the

father
(ab) two X chromosomes from the mother

____63. The formation of genetically identical somatic cells is called:
(a) mitosis
(b) meiosis
(c) transcription
(d) duplication
(e) differentiation

____64. When DNA codes for the synthesis of a m-RNA, the process is called:
(a) transcription
(b) translation
(c) transformation
(d) recombination
(e) replication
(ab) endocytosis
(ac) karyokinesis

A DNA strand has the following nucleotide sequence. Use this information to answer the next 2 questions:

ACT AGC GAT

____65. The complementary DNA strand for the above sequence would read:

(a) CAG CTA TCG
(b) ACT AGC GAT
(c) TGA TCG CTA
(d) UGA UCG CUA
(e) ACU AGC GAU
(ab) TAG CGA TCA

____66. A messenger (m)-RNA copy of this sequence would read:
(a) CAG CTA TCG
(b) ACT AGC GAT
(c) TGA TCG CTA
(d) UGA UCG CUA
(e) ACU AGC GAU
(ab) TAG CGA TCA

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____67. The function of transfer (t)-RNA is to:
(a) transport proteins from the ribosomes to the nucleus
(b) transport m-RNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes
(c) transport amino acids to the ribosomes
(d) transport nucleotides to the site of DNA replication
(e) provide the genetic instructions for the synthesis of a protein

____68. Down's Syndrome is caused by:
(a) inheriting an abnormal recessive gene
(b) inheriting an entire extra autosome
(c) a viral infection
(d) a vitamin deficiency

____69. Each gene codes for:
(a) 1 amino acid
(b) 1 protein
(c) 1 nucleotide
(d) 1 cell
(e) 1 organ

____70. Which one of the following is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland?
(a) parotid salivary gland
(b) thyroid gland
(c) adenoid tonsils
(d) pancreas
(e) liver

____71. A "carrier" of a genetic disease has inherited:
(a) 1 normal dominant gene & 1 abnormal recessive gene
(b) 1 normal recessive gene & 1 abnormal dominant gene
(c) 2 normal genes
(d) 2 abnormal genes

____72. During DNA replication:
(a) one of the strands of the DNA acts as a template for a complementary

DNA strand
(b) one of the strands of the DNA acts as a template for a complementary

RNA strand
(c) both strands act as templates for complementary DNA strands
(d) both strands act as templates for complementary RNA strands

____73. Meat is actually:
(a) stratified epithelial tissue
(b) fibrous connective tissue
(c) skeletal muscle tissue
(d) adipose tissue
(e) cartilage tissue

____74. Every normal sperm contains an:
(a) X
(b) Y
(c) both X and Y
(d) either X or Y
(e) neither X nor Y

____75. If a somatic (body) cell with 20 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, the resulting cells will each contain _______ chromosomes.
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 20
(d) 30
(e) 40

____76. When both parents are carriers of the same recessive genetic disease (ex: cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, PKU), the probability that any child they have will inherit the defect from both parents and thus have the disease is:
(a) 3/4
(b) 2/3
(c) 1/2
(d) 1/3
(e) 1/4
(ab) impossible to predict

____77. The amount of thymine in a DNA molecule is the same as the amount of _______ in that DNA.
(a) adenine
(b) cytosine
(c) guanine
(d) uracil

____78. All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT:
(a) salivary gland
(b) ovary
(c) adrenal gland
(d) thyroid gland
(e) pituitary gland

____79. Which one of the following is NOT located in the cytoplasm of the cell?
(a) centrioles
(b) ribosomes
(c) mitochondria
(d) lysosomes
(e) nucleolus

____80. Protein synthesis is an example of a(n):

(a) neutralization reaction

(b) ionization reaction

(d) anabolic reaction

(e) nuclear reaction

____81. Which one of the following types of cells is multinucleated?
(a) skeletal muscle
(b) nerve
(c) RBC
(d) WBC
(e) spleen
(ab) none of the above

____82. When messenger (m-) RNA codes for the synthesis of proteins, the process is called:
(a) transcription
(b) translation
(c) transformation
(d) recombination
(e) replication

____83. Alternate forms of a gene are best described as:
(a) heterologues
(b) loci
(c) alleles
(d) homozygous
(e) heterozygous

____84. Leukemia is associated with:
(a) bone cancer
(b) breast cancer
(c) cancerous white blood cells
(d) colon cancer
(e) auto-immune disease

____85. All human somatic ("body") cells possess _______ chromosomes.
(a) 24
(b) 28
(c) 36
(d) 46
(e) 48

____86. Every ______ nucleotide(s) in a m-RNA codes for 1 amino acid.
(a) single
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
(e) 5

____87. Which molecules are likely to diffuse the most rapidly across the cell membrane?
(a) (non-polar) lipid-soluble molecules
(b) (polar) water-soluble molecules
(c) sugars
(d) proteins
(e) m-RNA

____88. If red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution:
(a) the cells will repel each other
(b) the cells will agglutinate (clump)
(c) the cells will lyse
(d) the cells will crenate
(e) the cells will remain unchanged

____89. The glycoproteins on the surface of our cell membranes function as:
(a) enzymes
(b) transport channels
(c) active transport pumps
(d) recognition sites
(e) receptor sites

____90. Amino acids enter cells by:
(a) diffusing through protein channels
(b) binding to transporter proteins
(c) endocytosis
(d) osmosis
(e) all of the above

____91. The “anticodon” is located on the:
(a) protein
(c) DNA
(c) t-RNA
(d) m-RNA
(e) cell membrane

____92. Which membrane proteins are involved in affecting cell shape & movement?
(a) transporters
(b) linkers
(c) ion channels
(d) ion channels
(e) glycoproteins

____93. Hormones & neurotransmitters attach to:
(a) Recognition Sites
(b) Linker Proteins
(c) Transporter Proteins
(d) Receptor Sites
(e) Ion Channels

____94. When Insulin activates Insulin Receptor Sites on the surface of a cell, it causes:
(a) the closing of glucose channels in the cell membrane
(b) a change in the shape of the cell
(c) the cell to secrete glucose into the bloodstream
(d) an hincreased transport of glucose from the bloodstream into the cell
(e) the cell to divide

____95. The “Recognition Sites” of cell membranes are also called:
(a) ligands
(b) enzymes
(c) Major Histocompatability (MHC) proteins
(d) linkers
(e) Receptor Sites

____96. Any drug that “blocks” hormone Receptor Sites in the body will:
(a) h increase the effect of that hormone
(b) decrease the effect of that hormone
(c) have no effect on that hormone
(d) impossible to determine

____97. If the codon on a m-RNA is GUA, the “anticodon” on the t-RNA would be:
(a) AUG
(b) GUA
(c) CAT
(d) TAC
(e) CAU
(ab) UAC

____98. We obtain all of the following in our food EXCEPT:
(a) ATP
(b) amino acids
(c) nucleotides
(d) monosaccharides
(e) fatty acids
(ab) vitamins & minerals

____99. Transporter proteins that use ATP in order to transport a chemical substance across the cell membrane are commonly called:
(a) linkers
(b) enzymes
(c) ligands
(d) pumps
(e) MHCs

___100. Hormones & neurotransmitters that affect the activity of cells are also called:
(a) ligands
(b) enzymes
(c) buffers
(d) signal molecules
(e) linkers
(ab) both (a) & (d)

Use the drawing below to answer the next 5 questions:

____ 1. In the diagram above, (I) are:
(a) lysosomes
(b) ribosomes
(c) thylakoid disks
(d) centrioles
(e) cilia
(ab) contractile vacuoles
(ac) Golgi complex