Anatomy I Exam 1
1. The lowest level of organization of the human body is ______.
2. The defining structures of the chemical level are ______and ______.
3. Cytology is based at the ______level.
4. ______are the basic fundamental units of life.
5. ______is the study of tissues.
6. “Tissue” is two or more ______that come together for function.
7. “Organ” is a structure of two or more different types of ______.
8. Two or more organs coming together for a specific/common function is a ______.
9. The highest level of organization of the human body is ______.
10. ______is the vertical plane that divides the body into an anterior and posterior half.
11. ______is the horizontal plane that divides the body into an inferior and superior half.
12. ______is the vertical plane that divides the body into a left and right half.
13. A diagonal plane on the body is known as ______.
14. Large spaces within the body are known as ______.
15. The ______houses the brain.
16. The vertebral canal houses the ______.
17. The ______contains 3 different/ separate cavities.
18. The 3 different/ separate cavities in the thoracic cavity are ______.
19. The pleural cavities house the ______.
20. The pericardial cavity houses the ______.
21. The ______separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.
22. The ______is all one cavity, separated imaginarily.
23. The abdominal cavity occupies the ______portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
24 . The pelvic cavity occupies the ______portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
25. The imaginary structure which separates the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity is the ______.
26. ______means covers the organ by adhering to its surface.
27. ______means lining the wall of a cavity.
28. ______is the membrane that adheres to the surface of the heart.
29. ______is the membrane that lines the wall of the pericardium cavity.
30. The visceral pericardium are ______the same, but ______different.
31. ______is the membrane that adheres to the surface of the lungs.
32. ______is the membrane that lines the wall of the pleural cavity.
33. ______is the membrane that adheres to the surface of organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
34. ______is the membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
35. ______is anything on the Earth, living or non-living, that has weight and takes up space.
36. All matter is composed of basic substances called ______.
37. Of the 112 different elements, how many occur naturally?
38. How many of the naturally-occurring elements are found in the body?
39. 96% of the body’s mass (weight) is composed of ______, ______, ______, and ______.
40. Each element is composed of tiny particles called ______.
41. All atoms are similar in structure, but will vary in ______, ______, and ______.
42. The structure, or anatomy, of an atom is ______.
43. The two main areas of an atom are ______and ______.
44. The nucleus contains 2 subatomic particles which are ______and ______.
45. A nuclear missile can travel at speeds exceeding ______.
46. The orbit contains one type of subatomic particle which is ______.
47. Electrons have a ______charge, while neutrons have a ______charge.
48. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons will equal the number of ______.
49. ______are the smallest of the subatomic particles.
50. Atoms of different ______contain different numbers of protons .
51. The number of protons in an atom equals ______.
52. The # of protons + neutrons = ______.
53. ______are atoms of the same element, with the same atomic number, but different atomic weights.
54. Most atoms will combine with other atoms to form ______.
55. Atoms combine together by a process called ______.
56. ______cause the bonding.
57. When an atom bonds it will gain, lose, or share ______.
58. The 1st shell closest to the nucleus can hold a maximum of _____ electrons.
59. The 2nd shell closest to the nucleus can hold a maximum of _____ electrons.
60. The 3rd shell closest to the nucleus can hold a maximum of _____ electrons (in biological systems).
61. Atoms follow ______, which states most atoms will react with other atoms to obtain 8 e- in their outer shell to become most stable.
62. In ______, atoms gain or lose e- to become stable and bond to other atoms
63. When an atom will lose a single electron to become stable, it is called an ______, and it will become a positive ion .
64. When an atom will gain a single electron to become stable, it is called an ______, and will become a negative ion.
65. An ______is an atom that has become charged by gaining or losing electrons.
66. A positive ion is also known as a ______.
67. A negative ion is also known as a ______.
68. Since opposite charges attract, positive and negative ions will combine and will be held together by a ______bond.
69. ______are positive or negative ions in a solution.
70. In ______, two or more atoms will share electrons to become stable and bond with other atoms.
71. The 2 subtypes of covalent bonding are ______and ______.
72. In ______, electrons are shared equally.
73. Polar covalent bonding is due to ______.
74. Anything that is polar is going to have a ______associated with it.
75. The most abundant molecule in the body is ______.
76. A liquid or gas in which another liquid, gas, or solid dissolves in is a ______.
77. The solid, liquid, or gas that has been dissolved in a solvent is a ______.
78. A solute dissolved in a solvent is a ______.
79. Polar molecules dissolve in ______.
80. Weak bonds between a Hydrogen atom of one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another molecule is a ______.
81. A hydrogen bond is only ______as strong as other bonds.
82. A hydrogen bond adds ______to molecules.
83. A hydrogen bond is designated by a ______.
84. A hydrogen bond is most important for ______and ______.
85. A hydrogen bond has no exchange or sharing of ______.
86. The strongest bond is ______.
87. The second-strongest bond is ______.
88. The weakest bond is ______.
89. Two or more atoms bonded together is a ______.
90. Two or more different elements of atoms bonded together is a
91. When atoms or molecules react, the bonds between ______are either formed or broken.
92. The 2 main types of reactions are ______and ______.
93. The breaking of bonds between atoms to make molecules smaller is a ______reaction.
94. The forming of bonds between two atoms to build molecules is a ______reaction.
95. A Kentucky Wildcat fan jumping up and down when a player makes a three is a ______reaction.
96. A ______reaction will release energy.
97. A ______reaction will store energy.
98. The two types of compounds in the body are ______and ______.
99. Organic compounds always contain ______and ______.
100. ______compounds usually bond ionically or polar covalently.
101. Salts, acids, and bases are examples of ______.
102. A substance that dissolves in water and dissociates into ions, and the ions are not H+ or OH is ______.
103. A substance that dissociates in water into ions and at least one of those ions will be a H is ______.
104. A substance that dissociates in water into ions, and one of those ions is OH is ______.
105. A secondary definition of a base is any substance that picks up ______ions.
106. Body fluids must maintain balanced quantities of ______and ______.
107. A solution’s acidity or alkalinity is measured in units of ______.
108. “pH” is the abbreviation for ______.
109. pH is based on the concentration of ______in a solution.
110. The pH scale runs from ______.
111. The more H+ you have the ______the number .
112. Pure water has a pH of ______.
113. The pH of water is considered ______.
114. In water, the amount of ______and ______are equal .
115. Below pH 7 – solution is ______.
116. In an acidic solution, there is a higher concentration of ______.
117. Above pH 7– solution is ______.
118. In an alkaline solution, there is a higher concentration of ______.
119. In the stomach, the pH is measured at 2, which is ______g/L of H+.
120. There is a ______difference between pH numbers.
121. A ______maintains proper balance of pH.
122. A buffer picks up H+ or OH- ions to replace a ______acid or base with a ______acid or base.
123. An organic compound consists of a ______skeleton.
124. An organic compound has ______covalently bonded to the carbons.
125. The 4 Biological Organic Groups are ______, ______, ______and ______.
126. Carbohydrates always have C, H, and O; with a ______ratio of H to O.
127. The two bonding characteristics of carbohydrates are ______and ______.
128. Carbohydrates are the ______energy source burned.
129. Carbohydrates are the structural component of ______and ______.
130. Monosaccharides contain ______carbons.
131. 2 monosaccharides bonded together form a ______.
132. 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together form a ______.
133. Two examples of monosaccharides are ______and ______.
134. Three examples of disaccharides are ______, ______, and ______.
135. Three examples of polysaccharides are ______, ______, and ______.
136. ______is many glucose molecules bonded together in plants.
137. ______is many glucose molecules bonded together in animals.
138. ______is found in the cell walls and seed coats of plants.
139. The polysaccharide which is undigestible in humans is ______.
140. The storage form of glucose in plants is ______.
141. The storage form of glucose in animals is ______.
142. The two bonding characteristics of lipids are ______and ______.
143. Lipids always have C, H, and O with ______for every O.
144. The three main functions of lipids are ______, ______, and ______.
145. The 3 main types of lipids are ______,______, and ______.
146. The building blocks of fat are ______and ______.
147. The two types of fats are ______and ______.
148. In a saturated fat, the molecule contains the maximum number of ______.
149. In a saturated fat, there are no ______bonds.
150. Saturated fats mainly come from ______.
151. Unsaturated fat molecules are usually found in ______.
152. At room temperature, an unsaturated fat is what form?
153. The building blocks of phospholipids are ______, ______, and ______.
154. The building blocks of steroids are ______.
155. Steroids form ______bonds.
156. Proteins always contain which elements?
157. The building blocks of proteins are______.
158. The three main functions of proteins are ______, ______, and ______.
159. 2 amino acids bonded together form a ______.
160. 3 or more amino acids bonded together form a ______.
161. The bond between two amino acids is called a ______.
162. A peptide bond is formed between the ______of one group and a ______of another.
163. Nucleic acids always contain which elements?
164. The building blocks of nucleic acids are ______.
165. Each nucleotide is composed of ______, ______, and ______.
166. The five nucleic acids are ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______.
167. The three functions of nucleic acids are ______, ______, and ______.
168. Organic molecules are built up and broken down by ______and ______.
169. ______is the study of cells.
170. Most cells of the body have the same basic features, but will vary greatly in ______, ______, and ______.
171. All cells are divided into two main areas, ______and ______.
172. One characteristic of a cell membrane is it is the ______structure.
173. The cell membrane also ______the cell and help determine the ______.
174. The proper term for inside the cell is ______.
175. Two proper terms for outside the cell are ______and ______.
176. The proper term for being inside a jail cell is ______.
177. By controlling the movement of material into and outside the cell , the cell membrane is known as a ______.
178. The cell membrane is composed of a ______with ______.
179. Each phospholipids molecule has ______and ______.
180. The fatty acid tails are ______tails.
181. The fatty acid tails contain what type of charge?
182. The fatty acid tails are ______in water, which makes them ______.
183. The phosphate group have ______heads.
184. The phosphate group is ______in water, which makes them ______.
185. The two types of proteins associated with a cell membrane are ______and ______.
186. ______proteins are located along the surface of a cell membrane.
187. ______proteins are embedded in the surface of a cell membrane.
188. ______is the dominant molecule inside and outside of cells.
189. Non-polar tails repel and go to the ______of the bilayer.
190. Polar heads are attracted to water and go to the ______of the bilayer.
191. The cell membrane is a ______that is completely non-polar in the middle.
192. The ______are for support and act as receptors.
193. The ______form channels and carriers.
194. ______and ______will determine if a molecule gets in or out of the cell.
195. The cell membrane is ______permeable.
196. Non-polar substances which are ______and ______pass right through the non-polar bilayer, with no help.
197. Some examples of substances which pass right through the non-polar bilayer are : ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______.
198. ______are lipid insoluble and water soluble.
199. Small polar substances pass through ______.
200. Some examples of small polar substances are ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______.
201. Large polar substances combine with ______and are transported across the cell membrane.
202. Some examples of large polar substances are ______, ______, and ______.
203. Molecules move through the cell membrane either by a ______or ______process.
204. In a(n) ______process, the cell must use energy.
205. In a(n) ______process, the cell does not use energy.
206. ______is the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to low concentration .
207. Facilitated diffusion requires a ______.
208. ______is used for large polar molecules.
209. ______is the forceful movement of material through a membrane from a region of high pressure to an area of low pressure
210. Osmosis is a special type of simple diffusion involving the diffusion of ______through a selectively permeable membrane.
211. During osmosis, a ______is required for the process.
212. If the same concentration of solution is inside and outside the cell, that solution is ______.
213. If a solute is such that there is a higher concentration of water outside the cell and water enters the cell, that solute is ______.
214. If too much water enters the cell, what will happen?
215. The action of a cell bursting from too much water is called ______.
216. The action of a cell shrinking due to loss of water is called ______.
217. The three types of active processes are ______, ______, and ______.
218. Active processes differ from passive processes in that they require ______.
219. ______is the process where the cell membrane invaginates around a substance.
220. ______is the process where a vesicle forms around a substance and fuses with the cell membrane to release outside the cell.
221. ______is the process of a substance moving against a gradient from a region of low concentration to high concentration.
222. What two items are needed to complete active transport?
223. ______is the form of endocytosis which is the engulfing of a liquid.
224. ______is the form of endocytosis which is the engulfing of a solid particle.
225. During endocytosis, the advancing segments which engulf the substance are called ______.
226. The contents of cytoplasm can be divided into which two groups?
227. Cytosol is made up of ______, ______, ______, and ______.
228. The largest organelle is ______.
229. The main function of the nucleus is to house ______to drive the cell activities.
230. The fluid inside the nucleus is ______.
231. The largest item within the nucleus is the ______.
232. The nucleolus is composed of ______.
233. The function of the nucleolus is ______.
234. Ribosomes are very small bodies composed of ______and ______.
235. rRNA stands for ______.
236. The function of a ribosome is ______.
237. ______float in the cytoplasm, not attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
238. Free polyribosomes produce proteins which are used ______the cell.
239. Ribosomes which are attached to the ER produce proteins which are used ______the cell.
240. The ______is a series of canals that transport material around the cell to the cell membrane.
241. The endoplasmic reticulum will also transport material to ______for storage.
242. The 2 types of E.R. are ______and ______.
243. Which type of E.R. has attached ribosomes?
244. Which type of E.R is agranular?
245. The function of smooth E.R is ______.
246. The function of rough E.R. is ______.
247. The ______is similar in structure to E.R.
248. The Golgi apparatus is composed of 3-20 flattened membrane sacs called ______.
249. The function of a Golgi apparatus is to ______.
250. ______are membrane bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
251. The function of the lysosomes is ______.
252. ______are large bean-shaped organelles in the cytoplasm.
253. Mitochondria contain DNA in order to ______.
254. Mitochondria are known as the ______of the cell.
255. The innerfolded membrane of the mitochondria is called the ______.
256. The central cavity of the mitochondria is called the ______.
257. The function of the matrix within the mitochondria is ______.
258. Cellular respiration is the transfer of energy from ______into ______.
259. ______are any temporary storage vesicle inside the cytoplasm.
260. ______is an extensive network of protein fibers inside the cytoplasm that adds to cell shape and support.
261. The 3 types of protein fibers are ______, ______, and ______.
262. Microtubules are what shape?
263. Microtubules are composed of the protein ______.
264. Microfilaments are what shape?
265. Microfilaments are composed of the protein ______.
266. Intermediate filaments are what shape?
267. Intermediate filaments are composed of the protein ______.
268. The centrosome is a pair of ______.
269. The centrosome is composed of ______.
270. The function of a centrosome is to ______.
271. ______and ______are hair-like projections that extend off a cell to provide some kind of movement.
272. Both cilia and flagella are composed of ______.
273. The shape of cilia is ______.
274. The action of the cilia is ______.
275. The function of the cilia is ______.
276. The action of the flagellum is ______.
277. The function of the flagellum is ______.
278. The ______are folded extensions of the cell membrane.
279. Microvilli are not composed of ______.
280. The function of microvilli is ______.
281. DNA stands for ______.
282. DNA is a ______stranded molecule.
283. As a complete molecule, DNA contains the ______.
284. Each strand of DNA is a series of ______.
285. Each nucleotide contains a 5-carbon sugar called ______.
286. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group and 1 of 4 ______.
287. The 4 nitrogen bases which are on a nucleotide are ______, ______, ______, and ______.
288. The 2 strands of DNA are held together by ______bonds between the ______bases.
289. Within the specific hydrogen bonds, adenine will bond with ______and guanine with ______.
290. The 2 strands of DNA are twisted to form a ______.
291. Since chromosomes are composed of DNA, if we replicate DNA, then we replicate the ______.
292. What is meant by saying DNA is semi-conservative ?
293. Chromosomes are located in which organelle?
294. A single stranded chromosome is ______molecule.
295. A double stranded chromosome is ______molecule.
296. A ______is each chromosome strand, only in double strand.
297. A ______is the point where two chromatid of a double-stranded chromatid attach.
298. DNA and RNA are both ______.
299. In the 1960’s hippies often took trips on______.
300. Cell division takes approximately how long?
301. The two major phases of cell division are ______and ______.
302. During interphase, the nuclear membrane and the nucleus are ______.
303. During interphase, the chromosomes appear ______.
304. During interphase, the chromosomes complete which action?
305. Mitosis is divided into ______phases.
306. ______is the first phase of mitosis.
307. What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?
308. What happens to the nucleolus during prophase?
309. During prophase, the double-stranded chromosomes will ______, ______, and ______.
310. During prophase, the centrioles move to opposite poles and form ______.
311. What happens to the nucleus during metaphase?
312. During metaphase, the chromosomes line up where?
313. During metaphase, the chromosomes attach to ______at the ______.
314. What happens to the nucleus during anaphase?
315. During anaphase, the spindle fibers ______, splitting the ______.
316. During anaphase, when the spindle fibers shrink, the ______are pulled to opposite poles.
317. The final phase of mitosis is ______.
318. During telophase, ______reform around each set of chromosomes.
319. During telophase, the ______reappears.
320. During telophase, the ______forms.
321. During telophase, the cleavage furrow forms to split the ______.
322. The process of the cleavage furrow dividing the cytoplasm into two cells is called ______.
323. At the completion of telophase, there are two identical ______.
324. DNA and RNA differ in ______important characteristics.
325. The 5 carbon sugar in DNA is ______.
326. The 5 carbon sugar in RNA is ______.
327. ______is the nitrogen base which is exclusive to DNA.
328. ______is the nitrogen base which is exclusive to RNA.
329. DNA is ______stranded.
330. RNA is ______stranded.
331. Of either DNA or RNA, which will leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm?
332. DNA acts as a template to form RNA, which is important for ______.
333. A ______is a sequence of nitrogen base pairs on a DNA molecule .
334. A gene contains the information for the production of one kind of protein, or ______.
335. ______is the building of a protein based on the gene in DNA.
336. ______is the process in which the genetic code of a gene on DNA is used to produce RNA.
337. ______is the process of assembling amino acids into a protein specified or based on a sequence of RNA.
TRUE/FALSE
1. As you go down the list of the 6 levels of the human body, the number of units at each level decreases.
2. As you go down the list of the 6 levels of the human body, complexity of the units at each level decreases.
3. 3.8% of the body is composed of Ca, P, S, Na, K, C, I, Fe, Mg
4. Water is the most important solvent
5. All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.
6. The pores of a nuclear membrane are very small to prohibit organelles from entering the nucleus.
7. There is one flagellum per cell.
8. During Interphase, the nucleolus is present.
9. Prophase is the shortest phase of mitosis.
10. This test was really, really hard.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe a Dehydration Synthesis reaction