Name ______
Nigeria Chapter 6
Guided Reading Part 1.
The making of the Modern Nigerian State
1. Describe the Presidential election of 20007.
2. What are the two contradictory trends in Nigeria?
3. How many competing ethnic groups are there?
Geographic Setting
4. Nigeria has a population of ____ making it the largest in Africa. Nigeria was a ______colony.
5. Nigeria’s borders had ______. Instead, the borders marked where ______. The British ruled northern and southern Nigeria as ______. In short, Nigeria was an ______.
6. Nigeria’s ethnic map can be divided into six zones. The northwest is dominated by the largest ethnic group, the ______. Both regions in the North are predominantly ______.A large swath of territory called the ______is home to ______. The southwest is dominated by the second largest ethnic group, the ______, which is 40% ____, 50% ______. The southeast is the ______homeland who are primarily ______.
Critical JuncturesPre-colonial period
7. What shaped development in the
North:
Jihad –
Southern edge:
Acephalous societies
Southern:
Colonial Rule and Its Impact
8. Colonial rule deepened the extraction of ______
9. Indirect rule
10. Warrant chiefs
11. The British played off ______This dual standard left a conflicted idea:
______Colonialism strengthened collective identities by fostering political competition among the three ethnic groups:
12. ______was the party of the Hausa-Fulani. ______was the party of the Yoruba elites. ______was the party of the Igbo.
Divisive Identities: Ethnic Politics Under Colonialism
13. the British divided Nigeria into a federation of ____ regions with elected governments in 1954. Each of the regions soon fell under the domination of one of the major ethnic groups and their ______.
The First Republic (1960-1955)
14. The British granted Nigeria independence in ______to an elected ______government. Nigerians adopted the British Westminster model and the ______and ______levels with a prime minister chosen by ______.
15. ______came to dominate the federal government by virtue of their greater population and the ruling ____ achieved a majority in the legislature. The NPC (Hausa-Fulani party) set out to do what? ______
16. When a political crisis in the western regional assembly in 1962, the NPC led national government did what? ______Violence escalated among the Yoruba factions as the NPC dominated government engaged in ______
17. What ensured NPC victory in 1965?
Civil War and Military Rule(1966-1979)
18. Who organized the coup? ______Gowan, a Middle belt Christian ______
19. Because many northern officials had been killed in the coup, a backlash against Igbos flared up. Ethnic violence sent Igbos ______.
20. By 1967 the predominately Igbo population attempted to ______and form its own country named ______.
21. Gowon built a military led government of national unity and after a bloody three year war of ______and ______tactics, defeated Biafra. There were at least a ______deaths.
22. After the war Gowon presided over a policy of ______which proceeded fairly smoothly with the aid of ______.
23. Gowon was overthrown by ______who was assassinated. ______peacefully ceded power to an elected government in 1979 which became the Second republic.
The Second Republic (1979-1999)
24. Who was president of the Second Republic? ______How did he capture majorities?______a few months later the military led by ______seized power.
25. In August 1985 ______seized power.
26. In 1993 the election was won by ______but the election was annulled.
27. General Sani Abacha ______He prolonged military dominance, cracked down on ______, severely limited ______
28. Abubakar, Abacha’s successor ______
29. In May 1999 he handed power to an elected government led by ______and the ______party.
The Fourth Republic (1999-present)
30. Obasanjo was from the North but a Christian. How did the Yoruba feel about him?
31. Within weeks, President Obasanjo did what to the military?
32. Obasanjo targeted the _____sector for new management and lobbied foreign governments to ______debts. The minimum wage was ______and a ______commission was set up to address past abuses, fight corruption and ______.
33. Civil society groups ______and the media grew ______.
34. Obasanjo had political debts to his party and his political survival required ______
35. The PDP political machinery engaged in ______including ______in the states of the Niger Delta.
36. The media seized upon a document being circulated that proposed the idea of ______the Constitution to ______. Yet the following year there was a package of more than _____ The ______rejected the package.
37. A ______election was planned for 2007. The President chose a little known reclusive governor from the north with______to be his successor ______of the ______state.
38. Obasanjo named himself ______of the PDP.
39. President Yar’Adua remained burdened with a ______from the ______helped only in part by a split ___ decision in the ______upholding his election.
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
40. Nigeria is a unitary system in federal guise: a system with an ______
41. When the military returned in 1999 it left an overdeveloped ______at all levels of government at the expense of weak ______and ______institutions. ______has encouraged the arbitrary exercise of authority.
42. the ______remains the dominant figure in Nigerian politics.
Name ______
Nigeria Guided Reading Part II
Nigeria in the world of states
1. Nigeria is considered to be a regional power. Explain.
2. Nigeria is considered to be vulnerable in the world. Explain.
3. Nigeria’s economy remains dependent on _____. What is the impact?
Governing Nigeria’s economy
4. interventionist economy –
Democratic ideas amid Colonialism and Military Rule
5. This dualism promoted two public realms. Describe below:
6. The British policy of indirect rule had different impacts on the north/south. The south ______. The coastal location of Lagos were hubs for ______and the British built ______.
7. In Northern Nigeria the British ______
8. A pattern of what resulted?
Nigeria’s Fragile Collective Identity
9. What is clientelism?
Implications for Comparative Politics – State and Economy
10. Through direct ownership of industry and services, the Nigerian state ______
11. Rents –
Origins of Economic Decline
12. What was the colonial economy centered on?
13. What three things undermined this?
14. In the 1970s Nigeria increased its spending on what?
15. By 1978 what occurred?
18. In 1993 General Abacha allowed what absurd thing to occur?
19. How is oil a “double edged sword” for Nigeria?
From 1985 to Present
20. Who introduced Structural Adjustment (SAP)?______What organizations supported this? ____
21. Beginning in 1970’s what parastatls were established? ______
22. What has been privatized?
Economic Planning
23. What type of economic planning has been common?
24. How did Obasanjo move away from economic planning?
25. What was Obasanjo’s greatest achievement?
Social Welfare
26. Economic reform such as austerity programs hurt which groups the most?
27. Describe how Nigeria performs poorly in meeting basic needs:
28. How has the HIV/AIDS impacted the Nigerian population?
29. what is the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)?
Ethnic and Religious Cleavages
30. Competition among the largest groups is centered on access to what? ____ Dominance of the three main ethnic groups causes conflicts among who? ______.
31. These fears have increased since 1999 when several northern states expanded ______
32. Youths from the Niger delta communities primarily the ____ have occupied ______on several occasions to protest ______.
34. The Obasanjo government has sometimes responded to these protests with ______. After Ijaw militias killed ______the military ______.
35. A host of new militant groups have arisen, engaging in oil ______and ______to make money and attack oil installations. The largest such group is ______which has threatened to ______.
Gender Differences
36. Women are prevented from what?
37. What is true of female representation in Nigeria?
38. Describe women’s groups in Nigeria. What challenges are there for women who want more rights?
Nigeria in the Global Economy
39. Economic Community of West African States –
Nigeria and the Political Economy of the West
40. How much oil does Nigeria sell to the US?
41. Nigeria remains a visible and influential member of ______
42. NEPAD –
Name ______
Nigeria Guided Reading part III
Governance and Policy-Making/Organization of the State/Federalism
43. Like the United States, Nigeria also features a federal structure comprised of ______The judicial system also ______Unlike the United States, Nigeria allows ______
44. In this skewed federalism the states ______.
45. What is the “ethnic rotation” principle?
46. The parties practice ethnic rotation as well, doing what?
47. Federal character calls for what?______and this was formally codified by the ____ Constitution.
The Executive
48. How is the President selected? ______what is the significance of this?
The Executive under Military Rule
49. How did each of the military rulers differ?
Gowon –
Obasanjo –
Babangida –
Abacha –
Abubakar –
The Obasanjo Administration
50. What were Obasanjo’s initiatives?
52. An impediment to reform, was what?
53. President Yar Adua spent much of his first year doing what? ______The National Assembly instigated a series of investigations into ______and discovered ______
The Bureaucracy
54. As the government was increasingly “Africanized” (moved away from colonialism) the bureaucracy became a way to reward individualsfor ______Increasingly individuals were appointed on the basis of ______rather than ______.
55. The salaries of bureaucrats consume _____ of all government expenditures.
Semipublic Institutions
56. Parastatls –
56. Why are parastatls established?
57. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) –
58. Which industries were privatized?
The Judiciary
58. The Buhari, Babangida, and Abacha regimes did what?
59. The execution of Ken Sarwo Wiwa proved what about the judiciary?
60. With the return of civilian rule in 1999 the courts have began to ______
State and Local Judiciaries
61. sharia law-
62. Where is sharia law practiced?
63. All courts are based on ______tradition and all courts are ultimately bound by decisions handed down by the ______.
64. In the northern state of Zambara what happened in the courts?
State and Local Government
65. How does the federal government disburse funds? ______How is this utilized to keep state governments under control? ______
66. Why are Nigerians reluctant to pay taxes to the state governments?
67. A number of governors have turned to what to provide security for their states?
The Policy Making Process
68. What is the “loyalty pyramid”? (prebendalism)
Representation and Participation/The Legislature
69. How are Senators elected? ____ How many Senators per state? ____
70. How are members of the House elected? ______
71. Since independence, the same party that won the presidency has won the ______. Consequently the executive has been able to influence the legislature by ______
72. A critical difference between the Nigerian and the US system of government: In Nigeria ______controls and disburses public revenues. The Nigerian Constitution says ______has the power of the purse. In practice, the president receives ______and has refused to place the revenues in the Federation Account.
The Party System and Elections
73. The three major parties in the early republics were based around what?
Old Roots and New Alignments: The PDP and the Other Parties of the Fourth Republic
74. (page 294) The parties of the Fourth Republic are primarily alliances of convenience among the ______of Nigeria. Their sole purpose is to ______. They have no ideological differences or party platforms.
75. The parties of the Fourth Republic have one major difference – they are ______.
76. Identify the three main parties in Nigeria (as of the 2007 election).
77. What have the multiethnic parties “done fairly well at”?
The Press
78. The Nigerian press as long been what?
Labor
79. state corporatism –
Other Social Groups
80. What is true of civil society in Nigeria?
Nigerian Politics in Transition
81. What evidence is there that Nigerians want democracy over military rule? What challenges remain?