Supplementary Table 3: Summary of Discussed Studies on Biomarkers for Subtyping and Prognosis

Supplementary Table 3: Summary of discussed studies on biomarkers for subtyping and prognosis of MS

Biomarker / Clinical purpose / Cohorts of the initial studies (numbers of patients) / Novel information obtained in 2012–2015 / Cohort of the confirmation studies (numbers of patients)
NAA / Prognosis1,2 / CISn=38, RRMS n=42, SPMS n=28, PPMS n=6, NDn=28, NINDC n=18, INDC n=391
RRMS n=26, SPMS n=12, PPMSn=82 / Confirmation of initial clinical purpose3,4 / CISn=67NCn=184
SPMS n=10,PPMS n=21, NINDCn=153
GFAP / Prognosis5–7 / RRMS n=58, SPMS n=21, PPMS n=15,CSn=256
RRMS n =5, SPMS n=10 HCn=285
RRMS n=20, SPMS n=21, PPMS n=10, CSn=517 / Confirmation of initial clinical purpose8 / CISn=109, RRMS n=1928
NfH and NfL / Prognosis1,6 / RRMS n =58, SPMS n = 21, PPMS n = 20, CSn =256
CISn =38, RRMS n =42, SPMS n =28, PPMS n = 6, ND n = 28, NINDC n = 18, INDC n = 391 / Confirmation of initial clinical purpose3 / SPMSn=10,PPMS n=21, NINDCn=153
miRNA 92a-1
miRNA 454 / Prognosis9 / Cohort 1: RRMS n=10, SPMS n=10, HCn=9
Cohort 2: RRMS n=50, SPMS n=51, HCn=329 / Initial clinical purpose9 / Cohort 1: RRMSn=10, SPMSn=10, HCn=9
Cohort 2: RRMSn=50, SPMSn=51, HCn=n329
24OH-Cholesterol / Elevated in definite MS10,11 / MSn=11810
MSn=60, HCn=3711 / Prognosis12 / RRMSn=51, SPMSn=39, PPMSn=15, ONDn=4912
Blue background indicates a CSF biomarker, red indicates a blood-based biomarker.
Abbreviations: CIS; clinical isolated syndrome, CS; control subjects, GFAP; glial fibrillary acid protein, HC; healthy controls, INDC; inflammatory neurological disease controls, miRNA; microRNA, MS; multiple sclerosis, NAA: N-acetylaspartate, NC; neuropsychiatric diseases of non-inflammatory aetiology, ND; patients without neurological disorders,NfH; neurofilament heavy chain, NfL; neurofilament light chain, NINDC; non-inflammatory neurological disease controls, OND; other neurological disorders, PPMS: primary progressive multiple sclerosis, RRMS; relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, SPMS; secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

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