World History Spring Final Review

Chapter 11 Main Ideas: WW1 Causes & Course & Results: Std. 10.5

Causes / -(MINE) Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism, Entangling Alliances such as Triple Alliance & Triple Entente all increased tensions + Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (trigger event) + unreasonable & unmet Austrian Ultimatum + Russian mobilization + failed negotiations between G & R = war!
-Central Powers (G, A-H, OE) vs. Allies (GB, F, R, Italy & later USA, Japan)
Course & Key Events / -Schlieffen Plan, neutral Belgium invaded by G, Stalemate, Western & Eastern Front (other fronts too)
-Battles: Marne, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli
-GB blockades Germany, German U-Boats sink ships in Atlantic, US convoys protect ships
-New Weapons: poison gas, machine guns, tanks, airplanes, flame thrower lead to high casualty & death rates
-Russian Revolution leads to Russian exit, creation of Soviet Union (USSR) & Treaty of Brest – Litovsk (G & USSR)
-US Entry because of Lusitania sinking + Unrestricted submarine warfare by G + Zimmerman Note… US entry tips balance of power in favor of Allies
-Russia suffers huge casualties, ill equipped to fight modern war
Home Front /

-Role of women (at home front) & colonial peoples (in colonies & at front)

-Propaganda, war bonds & higher taxes fund war
-Armenian genocide inside of OE 1915
Paris Peace Conference 1919 / -Big Four = Wilson (US), Lloyd George (GB), Clemenceau (F) & Orlando (I), GB + F want to weaken G & $$, Italy wants land promised to them
-Wilson’s Fourteen Points: self-determination, freedom of seas, no secret treaties, League of Nations
-Treaty of Versailles: war guilt clause, G reparations, G lost land, G lost colonies, new nations created, borders change, empires disappear (Russian, Ottoman, German, Austro-Hungarian)… US rejects treaty & League of Nations

Chapter 11 Main Ideas: Russian Revolution effect on WW1, plus its causes & consequences: Std. 10.5, 10.6 & 10.7

Kerensky / -Tsar Nicholas II (Romanov) abdicated 1917
-Leader of Provisional Government after March (1917) Revolution
-Pro-democracy
-Chose to stay in WW1

Lenin

/ -Leader of Bolsheviks & November (1917) Revolution, overthrew Kerensky, declares global communist revolution, leads to 1st Red Scare in USA
-Believed in revolution by an “elite” group of professionals, not the people (Leninism)
-Promised “Peace, Land & Bread”
-Negotiated Treaty of Brest – Litovsk, R withdrew from WW1 & made peace with G by giving them land
-Created Soviet Union (USSR), communist government and economy, renamed St Petersburg to Leningrad, moved capital to Moscow, eliminates enemies of communism
-NEP = small level of capitalism in communist USSR

Russian Civil War

/ -Reds (Bolsheviks) led by Lenin / Stalin / Trotsky vs. Whites supported by the West, Reds win & distrust of West begins in earnest
-Lenin dies = power struggle Stalin v. Trotsky, Stalin wins & Trotsky exiled

Chapter 12 Main Ideas: Post-WW1 Nationalism & Rebellion (1920s & ‘30s): Std. 10.10

India

/ -Mohandas K. Gandhi leads nationalist movement for independent India, Congress Party
-Amritsar Massacre: GB kills peaceful protesters > movement grows
-Gandhi: nonviolent protest, civil disobedience > boycotts + marches, Salt March
Latin America / -Mexican Revolution: Dictator Porfirio Diaz (“Order & Progress”) modernizes during 30 year rule but is cruel & corrupt (rich-poor gap + no land for the poor) > resigns > revolt
-Madero reforms but assassinated by Huerta, becomes dictator (US does not accept him)
-Pancho Villa + V. Carranza (north) + Emiliano Zapata (south) rebel v. Huerta (1913)
-Huerta ousted, Carranza backstabs Villa + Zapata
-Constitution (1917), Carranza is president, but minimal reform
-PRI comes to power 1929, Lazaro Cardenas reforms land, education & nationalizes oil industry in 1930s
-Economic nationalism throughout the region to keep control of resources away from US & other nations
-Political instability in region, many coups, many dictators
Africa / -Pan-African movement opposes European imperialism, partial success
-Apartheid established in South Africa: Legalized segregation where Minority whites rule over Majority Black / Colored people > inequality & injustice
-Negritude movement = African pride
Middle East / -Mandates ruled by European powers, new nations created with non-traditional boundaries
-Mustafa Kamal (aka Ataturk) creates modern Turkey, secularized & modernized
-Reza Khan takes power in Persia (Iran), supported by West & gives oil deals to West
-Balfour Declaration: GB supports a Jewish state in Palestine (Zionist idea)
-Pan-Arabism grows: Nationalist movement to create an Arab state in Middle East
-Tension grows between Arabs, Jews, Europeans over land control
East Asia / -China: Early 1900s Boxer Rebellion leads to greater Western influence
-Qing Dynasty collapses 1911, new & unclear path
-Sun Yixian (“father of modern China”, aka Sun Yat-Sen) seeks to set up a republic under Three Principles of the People – Nationalism, Democracy & Economic Security, creates Guomindang (nationalist army) & rules in South, is ineffective due to internal & external pressures, steps down
-Chaos, warlords in power in different regions
-Mao Zedong emerges to lead Chinese communist movement; May Fourth Movement has support of peasants, women & Soviet Union.
-Jiang Jieshi (aka Chiang Kai-Shek) emerges to lead Guomindang, seeks to destroy communist movement by attacking them, leads to civil war
-Mao leads the Long March to avoid Guomindang, gains more support
-Japan modernizes, “zaibatsu” takes leadership control
-Japanese invasion of Manchuria, & then China leads to temporary truce, Jiang & Mao join forces vs. Japan, get support from the West
Jazz Age 1920s / -Prohibition in US leads to gangsters, speakeasies, smuggling
-US economy booms, assembly line makes items cheaply, consumerism takes off & stock market soars as companies are growing; Consumer credit begins
-Women gain right to vote (suffrage) in US & elsewhere, “flappers” are independent, sassy young women
-Red Scare in US, fear of communist infiltration leads to anti-union actions, government limits on civil rights, deportations of suspected “reds”… US isolationism
-Maginot Line built in France as defense; Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war, many nations sign but it has no way to be enforced = useless L; League of Nations begins, but without the US, US Senate rejects its rules
-Lost Generation of authors – Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Stein – are disillusioned, critical of the 1920s decadence & WW1
-Harlem Renaissance: African-American cultural pride movement of style, music, art, literature (Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston)
-Science (Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, Marie Curie & radioactivity, Fleming’s discovery of penicillin); Freud’s psychoanalysis (id, ego & superego) 7 dream theory (Interpretation of Dreams book)
-Germany suffers under terms of Treaty of Versailles: reparations, occupation & humiliation; Experiences hyper-inflation, then a recovery by mid-1920s
Great Depression / -Overproduction (farm & consumer products) + Over-speculation (people gambling on the stock market & real estate) + lax rules = Stock Market Crash 1929
-US calls loans in from Europe, Europe can’t pay, tariffs are raised, trade slows to nothing = global Depression
-US elects FDR who uses New Deal to try & solve the Depression’s high unemployment, lack of business & hopelessness
-Germany elects Adolf Hitler who quickly changes Germany’s Weimar Republic into a NAZI dictatorship

Chapter 13 Main Ideas: Rise of Totalitarianism 1920s & 30s: Std. 10.7

Totalitarianism

/ -Style of government where it controls every aspect of the people’s lives
-Uses fear, intimidation, threats, unfair laws
-USSR, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy are examples
Soviet Union under Stalin / -Five Year Plans = quotas, industrialization
-De-Kulakization = eliminating small landowners (Kulaks) & seizing land
-Collective Farms = government owned & controlled land, increase food production BUT sells food to get $$ to reinvest in industry
-Famine (Ukraine)
-Great Purges (1930s) eliminate dissenters & other “enemies of the state” who are perceived threats to Stalin by murder or gulag (prison in Siberia)
Italy under Mussolini / -Fascism = obedience to the State & its Leader, Mussolini called “Il Duce,” hates democracy & communism
-Black Shirt March = seizure of power by Mussolini
-Corporatism runs country, private business OK but controlled by State, self sufficiency is goal
-Women are to be home, have children & raise obedient citizens of the State
-Attacks Ethiopia (then later Albania), League of Nations condemns action
-Joins the Axis Powers
Germany
under Hitler / -NAZI = fascism in Germany
-Brown Shirts = thugs who intimidate
-Elected then seized power via Enabling Act after the Reichstag Fire
-Nuremberg Laws: anti-Semitic laws, defined Jews, limited rights
-Hated Jews & other undesirables (homosexuals, dissenters, union members, Slavic people, non-whites), preached Aryan Supremacy
-Kristallnacht = 1st state sponsored, organized violence vs. Jews in Germany
-Concentration Camps, some turn into Death Camps later
-Broke Versailles Treaty by re-arming, annexing Austria (the Anschluss)
-Assisted the Fascist Gen. Franco in Spanish Civil War… Guernica bombed by Nazis & Picasso creates a Cubist style painting about the event
-Demanded the Sudetenland & got it when GB Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain “appeased” Hitler, Chamberlain claims “peace in our time”
-Invaded Czechoslovakia & seized it
-Nazi – Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939 prelude to invasion & division of Poland
Spain / -Spanish Civil War: Fascists v. others, Hitler & Mussolini support Franco, USSR supports government forces, US + F + GB remain neutral
-Gen. Francisco Franco = Fascist, overthrows government & becomes dictator
Japan / -Japan modernized & built up military
-Government controlled by the military led by Gen. Tojo
-Japanese aggression v. Korea & China earlier
-Invades Manchuria (northern China) 1931, League of Nations complains
-Japan withdraws from L of N
-Japan invades rest of China 1937, Rape of Nanjing

Chapter 14 Main Ideas: WW2 & Immediate Aftermath 1940s: Std. 10.8 & 10.9

Belligerents / -Axis (Germany, Italy & Japan) v. Allies (GB, F, USSR & later USA)
In European Theater / -Hitler invades Poland 9/1/1939 via “blitzkrieg”, USSR seizes half, plus Finland
-Sitzkrieg = phony war
-Hitler invades “low countries” (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg)
-Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, France and keeps expanding
-Dunkirk = Hitler’s 1st mistake, GB + F troops escape
-Hitler conquers rest of France, divides it, Vichy France created in south
-Mussolini fails to conquers Balkans, Greece and Egypt
-Hitler conquers Balkans & Greece
-US neutral BUT supplies via “cash & carry”, the “destroyer deal”, then the Lend Lease Act where US becomes “arsenal of democracy”
-Battle of Britain = Hitler tries to conquer GB from the air; GB RAF defends with help of RADAR; the Blitz = Nazi day & night bombing of London; Churchill leads GB through “its darkest hour”; Hitler’s fails = 2nd mistake
-Hitler sends Gen. Rommel (Desert Fox) to North Africa to capture Suez Canal
-Rommel stopped at El Alamein in Egypt, has to retreat, turn point in Africa
-Operation Torch = Allied attack in North Africa, Hitler’s weak spot
-Operation Barbarosa = Hitler invades USSR, 3rd mistake
-Battle of Stalingrad = turn point in East, Hitler on defense now
-D-Day 6/6/1944 = Gen. Eisenhower commanded invasion of Nazi occupied France, Allies overrun Hitler, France liberated, onward into G
-German resistance movements (White Rose), attempts to kill Hitler (Valkyrie / Col. Von Stauffenberg & others)
-Allied “carpet” & “fire” bombings of G
-Battle of the Bulge = Hitler’s last offensive, lost
-Hitler commits suicide, G surrenders, G occupied & divided into zones
-V-E Day = 5/8/1945
In Pacific Theater / -Japan conquers SE Asia when Hitler takes Europe
-US embargos Japan, Japan angry, leads to…
-Pearl Harbor attacked by Japan 12/7/1941 = US entry into WW2
-Japan expands, takes Philippines, Gen. MacArthur evacuates, Bataan Death March
-Battle of Coral Sea = 1st time Japan stopped, aircraft carrier battle, planes
-Battle of Midway = US defeats Japanese navy, cripples Japan by sinking 4 carriers, Japan in retreat
-US Island Hopping, attack weaker islands & launch attacks toward Japan
-Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
-US secret Manhattan Project develops A-bombs, dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
-V-J Day 9/2/1945, WW2 is finally over
Key Meetings / -Atlantic Charter = GB + USA state & clarify war goals
-Casablanca Conference = GB + USA demand unconditional surrender from Germany
-Tehran Conference = Big Three (FDR, WC & Stalin) agree to focus on Europe 1st, Soviets request 2nd front, US / GB delay & choose N. Africa, Soviets to keep eastern Poland after war
-Yalta Conference = Big Three agree to divide & occupy Germany & Korea, free elections in eastern Europe after war, USSR to join war in Pacific after Nazi defeat
-Potsdam Conference =
-UN created in San Francisco (later moves to NYC)

Holocaust

/ -NAZI race theory = Anti-Semitism
-Nuremberg Laws take away civil rights for Jews
-Jewish Ghettoes created to kill by disease & starvation
-Kristallnacht = State sponsored violence vs. Jews
-Jews attempt to escape, many fail (unwelcome elsewhere, SS St. Louis,)
-Deportation of Jews to camps in east (Poland mostly)
-Einsatzgruppen = local mobile killing squads to “clean out” area of Jews
-Jewish resistance like the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, uprisings in camps & guerilla warfare by escapees
-Wannsee Conference = Nazis create Final Solution = gas chamber death camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor, etc.
-Allies “discover” & liberate camps > refugees, displaced persons, emigration
-Nuremberg Trials v. Nazi leaders for war crimes & “crimes against humanity”
United Nations (UN) / -UN formed (’45 in San Francisco, moved to NYC later) to promote & preserve peace; Security Council + General Assembly + various organizations to support peace & development
-UN creates Israel later (’48), immediate conflict with Arabs & Palestinians

Chapter 15 Main Ideas: The Cold War 1945 - 1991: Std. 10.9

Europe / -Cold War = high competition & tension era between US & USSR
-US – USSR “arms race” = ABMs, ICBMs, WMDs
-USSR creates a “buffer zone” of countries in East to protect itself from West
-USSR expands influence, wants to ignite global communist revolt
-US policy = containment of communism
-Superpower = nuclear weapons (US in ‘45 & USSR by ‘49)
-Iron Curtain nicknamed by Churchill, divided Communist East from West
-Berlin divided & occupied, West Berlin “island” of democracy & free enterprise
-West Germany (FRG) created, East Germany (GDR) created