Goal 6.03: Describe how the policies and actions of the United States government impacted the affairs of other countries.

I.The US and Asia

  1. Japan
  2. Japan had closed itself to outsiders in the late 1400s; held a strong mistrust of Western cultures
  3. In mid-1800s, US businesses began to view Japan as an untapped market
  4. 1852: US sent a naval expedition to force Japan to sign a trade treaty
  5. US Navy under Commodore______arrived in Tokyo Bay in July 1853
  6. Japanese, awed by American technology (steam powered ships, naval firepower), quickly realized that they would lose a war with the US
  7. Japan reluctantly signed the trade treaty
  8. Japan learned quickly, and by the 1890s had adopted western technologies, industrialized, and completely modernized their military
  9. US interference in the ______War
  10. 1904-1905: Russia and Japan fought war for control of Korea and Manchuria
  11. The world expected Russia to easily beat the Japanese, but Japan militarily dominated Russia
  12. US President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw peace negotiations (Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905)
  13. Japan was angered that Roosevelt supported Russia in the peace treaty; Japan gained no territory, Russia paid no war indemnities to Japanese
  14. Roosevelt won ______for his efforts
  15. Samoa
  16. US, Britain, & Germany all competed for control of the Samoan Islands in the Pacific
  17. After attempts to settle their disputes peacefully failed in 1887, war seemed imminent & was only prevented when a hurricane destroyed all 3 nations warships in the area
  18. ______Convention of 1899 divided the islands between US and Germany (Britain received other islands in Pacific), giving all parties prime naval bases
  19. China
  20. China had shown political and military weakness after being easily beaten in a war with Japan in 1894 and being bullied into “leasing” Manchuria to Russia in 1898
  21. US exports to China were growing and the Chinese market held great potential for American investment
  22. China was rapidly divided into economic spheres by Russia, Germany, France, Japan, and Britain
  23. US was in danger of losing China as a market for US products, needed to protect its economic interests
  24. The ______Policy
  25. 1899: US Secretary of State John ______sent his “open door note”: notification to other world powers that the US supported open trade in China
  26. Foreign powers were angered over US demands, but were unwilling to risk war (US had just beaten Spain in 1898); they made no move to block US trade with China
  27. The ______Rebellion
  28. 1900: Chinese nationalists, unhappy with foreign influence in China, revolted
  29. Hundreds of foreigners were killed
  30. US contributed troops to an international force which crushed the rebellion
  31. After the rebellion, US worked hard to prevent division of China by angry foreign powers

II.The US in Latin America

  1. ______
  2. US began applying pressure to Latin American states to buy their manufactured goods from US instead of Europe and to create an organization for settling disputes between American states
  3. 1889: Conference in DC led to creation of organization which became the Organization of American States (OAS) which today promotes peaceful cooperation among nations of the western hemisphere
  4. The ______Crisis
  5. 1891: US Navy seized a shipment of weapons headed to rebels in ______
  6. US sailors from the ship USS Baltimore were attacked by a pro-rebel mob in Valparaiso, Chile; 2 US sailors were killed, 17 injured
  7. US threatened war unless Chile made reparations; Chilean government paid $75,000 in damages
  8. ______Crisis of 1895
  9. Venezuela and Great Britain disputed the border between Venezuela and British Guiana
  10. Great Britain accepted the US as an arbitrator under the principles of the ______, establishing the precedent of the US holding the final say in all affairs in the Americas
  11. Theodore Roosevelt’s “______Diplomacy”
  12. Roosevelt adopted the African proverb “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” as his motto for foreign policy
  13. Under Roosevelt, the US would pursue peaceful negotiation, but would not hesitate to threaten use of its military strength to protect its interests
  14. The ______Fleet: US battleships sent out on a world tour to demonstrate America’s military might was a major piece of Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” threat
  15. Roosevelt ______
  16. 1904: Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine by declaring that the US would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the region
  17. Roosevelt wanted to prevent European interventions in Latin America over unpaid debts
  18. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
  19. 1901: US & Britain agreed that US would build a ______in Central America
  20. Britain acknowledged that it had insufficient influence in Latin America
  21. The Panama Canal
  22. US offered Colombia $10 million for the rights to build a canal across Panama, but Colombia refused
  23. Roosevelt responded by supporting a rebellion by Panama against Colombia
  24. Once Panama was independent, they agreed to a treaty allowing the US to build and operate a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
  25. Canal was started by a French company in 1880, but had been abandoned in 1889 after over 20,000 workers died from disease & accidents
  26. US bought out French & resumed work in 1904 (with new measures to control mosquito-borne diseases) and completed the canal in 1914
  27. William Howard Taft’s “______Diplomacy”
  28. Taft chose to “buy” friendship with Latin American states by guaranteeing low-interest loans, paying off existing loans from European powers to Latin America
  29. Taft’s policy kept Latin states from borrowing money from European powers
  30. Woodrow Wilson’s “______Diplomacy”
  31. Wilson would support only Latin American states that were democratic and provided human rights protections or somehow otherwise supported the interests of the US
  32. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure; nations which did not abide by the US’ wishes would not receive financial support from the US
  33. The Mexican Revolution
  34. During the Mexican Revolution, fighting spilled across the border into the US
  35. This, coupled with cross-border raids for supplies led Wilson to order the “______” of 1916-1917
  36. Punitive Expedition’s target was the capture of ______
  37. 1916: Villa had raided into New Mexico to seize weapons and supplies for his fight against the government of Venustiano Carranza; Villa’s raid had killed 18 Americans
  38. US Expedition failed, but Villa was eventually murdered by his political enemies in 1923