1 Research by Leeds Metropolitan University and Other Evidence Shows the Performance Gap

Introduction

1 Research by Leeds Metropolitan University and other evidence shows the performance gap between ‘as designed’ and ‘as constructed’ can be very large – sometimes double. See Zero Carbon Hub (2010). ‘Carbon compliance for tomorrow’s new homes: A review of the modelling tool and assumptions, Topic 4 – Closing the gap between design and built performance’, www.zerocarbonhub.org/resourcefiles/TOPIC4_PINK_5August.pdf.

Chapter 1

1 Assumes (1) that the floor area of the average UK home is approx. 95m², which is roughly equivalent to 75m² when measured according to the definition of treated floor area (TFA) used by Passivhaus; and (2) that space heating consumes an average 15,000kWh per annum.

2 Assumes (1) that the floor area of the average UK home is approx. 95m², which is roughly equivalent to 75m² when measured according to the definition of TFA used by Passivhaus; and (2) that an average 20,500kWh per annum of delivered energy is used for heating and hot water, and 3,500kWh per annum of delivered energy for all other uses. If natural gas is used for heating and hot water, and electricity for all other uses, ratios of 1:1 (gas) and 1:2.6 (electricity) respectively are used to convert from delivered to primary energy.

3 The Passivhaus Institut’s EnerPHit standard is set out in full on the PHI website: www.passiv.de/en/
03_certification/02_certification_buildings/04_enerphit/04_enerphit.htm.

4 Department for Communities and Local Government (2010). Code for Sustainable Homes: Technical Guide, Ene 2, p.40, www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/code_for_sustainable_homes_techguide.pdf.

Chapter 2

1 See: Heinberg, R. (2005). The Party’s Over. Second edition. Clairview Books: Forest Row; Greer, J. M. (2008). The Long Descent. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada; Hirsch, R. L., Bezdek, R. and Wendling, R. (2005). ‘Peaking of world oil production: Impacts, mitigation, and risk
management’ (‘the Hirsch Report’). Prepared for the US Department of Energy (DoE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), www.netl.doe.gov/publications/others/pdf/Oil_Peaking_NETL.pdf.

2 See Stern, D. (2010). ‘The role of energy in economic growth’. Working paper, Centre for Climate, Economics & Policy (CCEP), Crawford School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University, Canberra, http://ccep.anu.edu.au/data/2010/pdf/wpaper/CCEP-3-10.pdf. Overview at The Oil Drum: www.theoildrum.com/node/8476.

3 International Passive House Association (iPHA) / Passivhaus Institut (PHI) (2010). ‘Active for more comfort: The Passive House’ [‘The Passive House Brochure’], p.39 (pdf), p.36 (hard copy),
www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?
page_id=70.

4 The Passive-On Project CD (2007), www.passive-on.org/en/cd.php.

5 International Passive House Association (iPHA) / Passivhaus Institut (PHI) (2010). ‘Active for more comfort: The Passive House’, p.37 (pdf), p.34 (hard copy), www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?page_id=70.

6 Newman, N., bere:architects (2011). ‘Case study evidence for reduced whole life costs . . . in various price scenarios’. UK Passivhaus Conference, 25 October, http://ukpassivhausconference.org.uk/sites/default/files/Nick%20Newman.pdf. Also see the Passivhaus Cost Project: www.phcp.org.uk.

Chapter 3

1 Information about this is available on the International Passive House Association (iPHA) website: www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?
group=1&level1_id=76&page_id=246&lang=de.

2 See the FAQ about PHIUS+ project certification at: www.passivehouse.us/passiveHouse/PHIUS
PlusDocs/PHIUS+FAQ.pdf.

3 See www.passiv.de/en/03_certification/01_
certification_components/01_component_database.
htm for a current list of certified components.

4 See link in note 3 above for a current list of certified components.

5 Courses within Europe are organised by
Certified European Passive House (CEPH). See www.passivhausplaner.eu/englisch/planer_werden.html and http://eu.passivehousedesigner.de. See also www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?group=1&level1_id=194&page_id=221&lang=de.

6 WARM: Low Energy Building Practice:
www.peterwarm.co.uk/certify.

Chapter 4

1 Collinson, P. (2011). ‘Self-build: it’s time to go Dutch’. Guardian, 25 November, www.guardian.co.uk/money/2011/nov/25/self-build-go-dutch.

2 Goodier, C. I. and Pan, W. (2010). ‘The future of UK housebuilding’. RICS: London.

Chapter 5

1 Hammond, J. and Jones, C. (2011). ‘Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)’. Sustainable Energy Research Team (SERT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, UK. Copy available at http://perigordvacance.typepad.com/files/inventoryofcarbonandenergy.pdf. This document is added to and updated, but as such is available only to those with University of Bath log-in at http://wiki.bath.ac.uk/display/ICE.

2 Sustainable Homes (1999). ‘Embodied energy in residential property development: A guide for registered social landlords’, p.3, www.sustainable
homes.co.uk/Portals/63188/docs/Embodied%20Energy.pdf.

3 For more information see Lifetime Homes:
www.lifetimehomes.org.uk.

4 See Grant, N. and Clarke, A. (2010). ‘Biomass – a burning issue’, AECB discussion paper, www.aecb.net/PDFs/Biomass_A_Burning_Issue_September_
2010.pdf.

5 Zero Carbon Hub (2011). ‘Carbon compliance: Setting an appropriate limit for zero carbon new homes’, www.zerocarbonhub.org/resourcefiles/CC_TG_Report_Feb_2011.pdf.

6 Department for Communities and Local Government (2010). Code for Sustainable Homes: Technical Guide, Ene 2, p.40, www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/code_for_sustainable_homes_techguide.pdf.

7 See the helpful summary at www.zerocarbonhub.org/resourcefiles//Dwelling_Classifications.pdf.

8 Zero Carbon Hub Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality (VIAQ) Task Group (2012). ‘Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in new homes: Interim report’, www.zerocarbonhub.org/resourcefiles/ViaqReport_web.pdf.

9 Passivhaus Trust (2011). ‘Passivhaus and zero carbon: Technical briefing document’, Appendix A, p.7, www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/UserFiles/File/Technical%20Papers/110705%20Final%20PH%20ZC%20Brief.pdf.

10 Carbon Trust (2011). ‘Conversion factors: Energy and carbon conversions – 2011 update’,
www.carbontrust.co.uk/cut-carbon-reduce-costs/calculate/carbon-footprinting/pages/conversion-factors.aspx. See also http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/110707-guidelines-ghg-conversion-factors.pdf.

11 See Dadeby, A. (2012). ‘Energy returned on energy invested’, in Raymond De Young, R. and Princen, T. (eds.) The Localization Reader: Adapting to the coming downshift. The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.

12 Hall, C. A. S., Tharakan, P. and Ko, J. Y. (2002).
‘A review of global use and availability of energy sources’. Third biennial international workshop, Advances in energy studies: Reconsidering the importance of energy, Porto Venere, Italy, 24-8 September. (For background information, see www.chim.unisi.it/chimica/portovenere.html.)

13 Tainter, J. (1990). The Collapse of Complex Societies. Paperback edition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

14 The Oil Drum is a good resource for recent research on EROEI. See www.theoildrum.com/tag/eroi.

15 Homer-Dixon, T. (2007). The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, creativity and the renewal of civilisation. Souvenir Press: London.

16 For more information on TEQs see www.teqs.net.

Chapter 6

1 The Passivhaus extension project pictured on
page 82 will be featured on our related website:
www.passivhaushandbook.com.

2 Fleming, D. (2010). Lean Logic: A dictionary for the future and how to survive it. Privately published. Available from www.leanlogic.net.

3 McCloud, K. (2006). Grand Designs Handbook: The blueprint for building your dream home, Collins: London, pp.34-5.

4 The Passivhaus Institut’s user handbooks can be downloaded from the PHI website: www.passiv.de/de/05_service/03_fachliteratur/030300_
nutzerhandbuch/030300_nutzerhandbuch.htm.

Chapter 7

1 Passivhaus Institut (PHI) (2012). ‘Certification criteria for certified Passive House glazings and transparent components’, Version 2.0 E, http://passiv.de/downloads/03_certification_criteria_transparent_components_en.pdf.

2 Ibid.

Chapter 8

1 Siddall, M. (2009). ‘Thermal bypass: The impact
of natural and forced convection upon building performance’, Green Building Magazine, Summer 2009, Volume 19, No. 1, , www.aecb.net/PDFs/Impact_of_thermal_bypass.pdf.

2 See http://windows.lbl.gov/software/therm/therm.html.

3 These are currently offered by the AECB as part
of its CarbonLite Programme. See Resources.

Chapter 9

1 Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Stuttgart. Source: DBZ [Bund Deutscher Zimmermeister (Association of German Master Carpenters)] 12/89, p.1639ff.

2 Limb, M. J. (2001). ‘A review of international ventilation, airtightness, thermal insulation and indoor air quality criteria’, Technical Note 55. Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC): Coventry, UK, www.aivc.org/frameset/frameset.html?../Publications/Technical_reports/TN55.htm~mainFrame.

3 Langmans, J., Klein, R. and Roels, S. (2010). ‘Air permeability requirements for air barrier materials in Passive Houses’. Paper presented at the Fifth International BUILDAIR Symposium, ‘Building and Ductwork Airtightness’, 21–22 October, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Chapter 10

1 For more on monolithic membranes and roof constructions, see: www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.
com/workspace/downloads/proclimaRoof
RenovationStudy2011.pdf

2 Sterling, E. M., Arundel, A. and Sterling, T. D. (1985). ‘Criteria for human exposure to humidity
in occupied buildings’. ASHRAE Transactions, 1985, Vol. 91, Part 1, www.sterlingiaq.com/photos/1044922973.pdf. Also published in the 2000 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment.

3 Ibid.

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

1 Passivhaus Institut (PHI) 2001/2. CEPHEUS: ‘Measurements and evaluation of Passive House apartment buildings in the Marbachshöhe neighbourhood of Kassel, Germany’. (Only available in German from the PHI. CEPHEUS – Cost-Efficient Passive Houses as European Standards – assisted this multi-storey tenement project.)

2 Mahdavi, A. and Doppelbauer, E-M. (2010). ‘A performance comparison of passive and low-energy buildings’, in Energy and Buildings 42, 1314-19, http://iristor.vub.ac.be/patio/ARCH/pub/fdescamp/bruface/literature/2012/nzeb/PerformanceComparison.pdf.

3 Paul Jennings of Air Leakage, Detailing and Awareness Services (ALDAS).

Chapter 13

1 This took place on 9-11 September 2011 and involved 19 households in and around Totnes, Devon, that had built or retrofitted their homes
to improve their sustainability.

2 See www.passivhausblog.co.uk.

3 Lynch, H. (2012). ‘Passivhaus in the UK: The challenges of an emerging market – a case study
of innovation using mixed-method research’. PhD dissertation, University College London.

Chapter 14

1 Cullingworth, B. and Nadin, V. (2006). Town and Country Planning in the UK. Fourteenth edition. Routledge: London.

2 See www.aecb.net/PDFs/carbonlite/AECB_VOL3_
EnergyStandard_V6FINAL.pdf.

3 Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:001:0065:0071:EN:PDF.

4 Cahill, K. (2001). Who Owns Britain. Canongate Books: London.

5 See Zero Carbon Homes Task Force:
www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2011-03-29a.49878.h. Also Home Builders Federation (HBF) Zero Carbon and Sustainability: www.hbf.co.uk/policy-activities/government-policy/zero-carbon-sustainability/. The HBF represents the interests of the large home developers.