Quick Guide to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening & Assessment
Description: / The Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening Tool and guidelines described here were developed by Dr Leigh Kimberg of Maxine Hall Health Center. The questions in the IPV tool were designed to directly assess patients’ past and current exposure to violent, threatening, or exploitative behavior by a partner. In addition, there are a series of questions to determine the potential threats to safety for the patient and any children in the household. Comprehensive information on screening, assessment, intervention, documentation, and reporting of IPV can be found on the Look to End Abuse Permanently (LEAP) atIPV Screening Procedures:
A. Screen for domestic violence in a safe environment.
•Use your own words in a non-threatening, non-judgmental manner.
•Ask the patient about domestic violence in a private place.
•Separate any accompanying person or child from the patient while screening for domestic violence.
•If it is not possible to screen for domestic violence safely do not screen patient. Arrange for return visit.
B. Use questions that are direct, specific, and easy to understand (see IPV Screening and Assessment questions).
C. When unable to converse fluently in the patient's primary language:
•Use a professional interpreter or another health care provider fluent in the patient's language.
•The patient's family, friends or children should not be used as interpreters when asking about domestic violence.
D. Screen verbally, in addition to any written questionnaire forms used.
E. Document that screening for domestic violence was done.
•Document that domestic violence is or has been present, has never occurred, or is suspected even though the patient denies it.
•Document the date and the results of the screening in the life record of the patient's chart as well as in the progress notes.
F. Routinely discuss confidentiality limits with patients, mandatory reporting, and the requirement to report child abuse.
Purpose: / IPV screening is used to screen for current, past, or potential IPV and threats to safety.
Target Population: / Ages 13 and over
Languages: / Has not been translated yet
Scoring and Interpreting: / N/A
When to use: / Routine IPV screening should be done with all patients every 1-2 years. IPV screening should also be done with all new patients, when there are any signs of IPV, when patients begin a new relationship, and when patients are pregnant.
Recommended Interventions: / Assist patient with developing safety plans and link patient to appropriate resources. Request follow-up visit with patient.
Page G3-1
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening and Assessment
Screening
- Ask indirect questions:
- How does your partner treat you?
- Do you feel safe at home?
- Ask direct questions:
- Has your partner ever hit you, hurt you, or threatened you?
- Does your partner make you feel afraid?
- Has your partner ever forced you to have sex when you didn’t want to?
- Also ask about past history of IPV:
- Have you ever had a partner who hit you, hurt you, or threatened you?
- Have you ever had a partner who treated you badly?
- Have you ever had a partner who forced you to have sex when you didn’t want to?
Assessment
1.Assessment of current IPV
- Assess for safety in clinic
- Is perpetrator with patient?
- Assess for current safety
i.Threats of homicide
ii.Weapons involved
iii.History of strangulation or stalking
- Assess for suicidality and homicidality
- Assess for safety of children
- Assessment of history of IPV
- Patterns of abuse
- History of effects of abuse
- Injuries/hospitalizations
- Physical and psychological health effects; economic, social, or other effects
- Support and coping strategies
- Readiness for change
Appendix G3-Page 1
Quick Guide to the Patient Health Questionnaire - 2 (PHQ-2)
Description: / The PHQ-2 is a brief screening instrument for depression, comprised of the first 2 questions from the PHQ-9. These questions assess the frequency of feelings of depression and anhedonia during the past 2 weeks on a scale of 0 “Not at all” to 3 “Nearly every day”. The PHQ-2 is not meant to be used as a diagnostic tool or to monitor change in depressive symptoms over time.Purpose: / The PHQ-2 is used as an initial screening for depression to determine whether further assessment is needed.
Target Population: / Adolescents, adults, older adults
Languages: / The PHQ-2 items can be taken from the full version of the PHQ-9, which has been translated into over 30 languages and can be freely downloaded from the PHQ website (
Scoring and Interpreting: / Scores on the PHQ-2 range from 0 to 6. The authors of the PHQ-2 recommend a cutoff score of 3 as the optimal cut point, and state that a score of 2 would provide greater sensitivity and a score of 4 would provide greater specificity in terms of detecting or diagnosing depression[1].
When to use: / As indicated to screen for depression
Recommended Interventions: / Coach patient on mood improvement strategies, such as scheduling pleasurable activities, social contacts, and regular exercise.
PATIENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE-2 (PHQ-2)
Over the past two weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems? / Not at All / Several Days / Morethan half the days / Nearly every day
1. Little Interest or pleasure in doing things / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3
2. Feeling down, depressed or hopeless / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3
Quick Guide to the Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9)
Description: / The items on the PHQ-9 follow the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode listed in the DSM-IV. Symptom severity is rated by indicating the frequency that depressive symptoms have been experienced during the last 2 weeks on a scale of 0 “Not at all” to 3 “Nearly every day”. An additional single item is rated to determine the impact of depressive symptoms on psycho, social, and occupational functioning.Purpose: / The PHQ-9 is used to screen for depression, aid in diagnosis[2], and monitor change in symptoms over time.
Target Population: / Adolescents, adults, older adults
Languages: / The PHQ-9 has been translated into over 30 languages and can be downloaded from the PHQ website:
Scoring and Interpreting: / The total score is computed by first producing a sum for each column (e.g. each item chosen in column “More than half the days” = 2), then summing the column totals. Total Scores range from 0 to 27, and indicate the following levels of depression severity:
Total Score / Depression Severity
0-4 / None
5-9 / Mild depression
10-14 / Moderate depression
15-19 / Moderately severe depression
20-27 / Severe depression
In addition to the patient’s Total Score, the responses to Question #9 (suicidality) and Question #10 (the impact of symptoms on the patient’s daily functioning) should be reviewed to determine appropriate treatment interventions.
When to use: / As indicated to screen for depression
Recommended Interventions: / Ask patient about preferences for addressing troubling symptoms. Offer behavioral strategies (for example, planning and engaging in more pleasurable, social, and mastery activities as well as exercise) and cognitive behavioral strategies (for example, taking a systematic approach to solving life problems). For patients with higher levels of severity and/ or with greater negative impact on ability to function, explore patient interest in combined treatment.
Appendix G3-Page 1
Quick Guide to the Duke Anxiety-Depression Scale (Duke-AD)
Description: / The Duke Anxiety-Depression Scale (Duke-AD) is the 7-item anxiety-depression subscale of the DUKE Health Profile that has been validated separately as a screening instrument for anxiety and depression. The items inquire about nervousness, feeling depressed or sad, getting tired easily, trouble sleeping, being comfortable around people, difficulty concentrating, and giving up too easily.Purpose: / The Duke-AD is used as a screening tool for anxiety and depression.
Target Population: / Adults
Languages: / The Duke has been translated into Spanish, Russian, French, German, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Dutch, Afrikaans, and Taiwanese.
Scoring and Interpreting: / A raw score of 5 or greater (out of a possible 14) indicates high risk for anxiety or depression.
When to use: / As indicated to screen for anxiety and depression
Recommended Interventions: / This tool can be useful to patients who are considering attending a PCBH workshop or workshop series concerning strategies for coping with fear and sadness. It is also a useful measure in class visits designed to improve skills for coping with fear and sadness.
Duke Anxiety-Depression Scale (DUKE-AD)
Copyright 8 1994 -2005 by the Department of Community and Family Medicine,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., U.S.A.
INSTRUCTIONS: Here are some questions about your health and feelings. Please read each question carefully and check () your best answer. You should answer the questions in your own way. There are no right or wrong answers.
Yes, describesme exactly / Somewhat describes me / No, doesn't
describe me at all
1. / I give up too easily...... / ______2 / ______1 / ______0
2. / I have difficulty concentrating………………………… / ______2 / ______1 / ______0
3. / I am comfortable being around people……………… / ______0 / ______1 / ______2
DURING THE PAST WEEK:
How much trouble have you had with:
None / Some / A Lot
4. / Sleeping…………………………………………………… / ______0 / ______1 / ______2
5. / Getting tired easily………………………………………. / ______0 / ______1 / ______2
6. / Feeling depressed or sad…………………………...…. / ______0 / ______1 / ______2
7. / Nervousness……………………………………………… / ______0 / ______1 / ______2
______
Appendix G3-Page 1
Quick Guide to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Description: / The GAD-7 contains 7 items which assess the frequency of anxiety related symptoms over the past 2 weeks. The GAD-7 can be used as a self-report tool or as an interview.Purpose: / The GAD-7 is used to screen for anxiety and measure the severity of symptoms.
Target Population: / Adults
Languages: / The GAD-7 has been translated into over 30 languages and can be downloaded from the PHQ website:
Scoring and Interpreting: / Each question has a number value (0-3). The total score is computed by adding the values endorsed for each item. Total Scores range from 0 to 21, and indicate the following levels of anxiety severity:
Total Score / Anxiety Severity
0-5 / None or mild
6-10 / Moderate anxiety
11-15 / Moderately severe anxiety
16-21 / Severe anxiety
A recommended cut-point for further evaluation is a score of 10 or greater.
When to use: / As indicated to screen for anxiety
Recommended Interventions: / Use this screener to help patients assess skill development in relaxation classes and workshops. It is also sometimes helpful in individual PCBH visits when patients are working on anxiety management skills.
Generalized Anxiety DisorderGAD-7
Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems?(Circle the number to indicate your answer.) / Not at all / Several days / More than half the days / Nearly every day
- Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge
- Not being able to stop or control worrying
- Worrying too much about different things
- Trouble relaxing
- Being so restless that it is hard to sit still
- Becoming easily annoyed or irritable
- Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen
Quick Guide to the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
Description: / The Geriatric Depression Scale is a 15-question screening tool for depression which was developed specifically for older adults. The Yes/No response format makes the questions easy to comprehend, and the time of administration is only 5-7 minutes. The GDS can be filled out by the patient or administered by a provider with minimal training in its use.Purpose: / The GDS is used to screen for depression in older adults
Target Population: / Adults 60 and over
Languages: / The GDS has been translated into over 20 languages and can be downloaded from:
Scoring and Interpreting: / The questions contained in the measures are listed below. Answers in bold indicate depression. Although differing sensitivities and specificities have been obtained across studies, for clinical purposes a score >6 points is suggestive of depression and should warrant a follow-up interview. Scores > 10 are almost always depression.
1. Are you basically satisfied with your life? YES / NO
2. Have you dropped many of your activities and interests? YES / NO
3. Do you feel that your life is empty? YES / NO
4. Do you often get bored? YES / NO
5. Are you in good spirits most of the time? YES / NO
6. Are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you? YES / NO
7. Do you feel happy most of the time? YES / NO
8. Do you often feel helpless? YES / NO
9. Do you prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing new things? YES / NO
10. Do you feel you have more problems with memory than most? YES / NO
11. Do you think it is wonderful to be alive now? YES / NO
12. Do you feel pretty worthless the way you are now? YES / NO
13. Do you feel full of energy? YES / NO
14. Do you feel that your situation is hopeless? YES / NO
15. Do you think that most people are better off than you are? YES / NO
When to use: / As indicated to screen for depression in older adults
Recommended Interventions: / Often, older patients are more able to respond to this screener than more general screeners. Responses may help you identify targets for behavior change (e.g., increasing re-engagement in meaningful life activities, strategies for dealing with worry) and, later, to assess response to behavioral skill training or combined treatment.
Geriatric Depression Scale
Choose the best answer for how you have felt over the past week:
1. Are you basically satisfied with your life? YES / NO
2. Have you dropped many of your activities and interests? YES / NO
3. Do you feel that your life is empty? YES / NO
4. Do you often get bored? YES / NO
5. Are you in good spirits most of the time? YES / NO
6. Are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you? YES / NO
7. Do you feel happy most of the time? YES / NO
8. Do you often feel helpless? YES / NO
9. Do you prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing new things? YES / NO
10. Do you feel you have more problems with memory than most? YES / NO
11. Do you think it is wonderful to be alive now? YES / NO
12. Do you feel pretty worthless the way you are now? YES / NO
13. Do you feel full of energy? YES / NO
14. Do you feel that your situation is hopeless? YES / NO
15. Do you think that most people are better off than you are? YES / NO
Quick Guide to the Vanderbilt Tool Kit
Description: / The Vanderbilt Parent and Teacher Assessment Scales contain items measuring symptoms and impairment in academic and behavioral performance. Although this tool is not intended for diagnosis, it is widely used to provide information about symptom presence and severity, and performance in the classroom, home, and social settings. The Vanderbilt Scale takes 10 minutes to complete (Parent Form has 55 items and Teacher Form has 43 items).Purpose: / The Vanderbilt Assessment Scales are used to screen for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The follow-up scales can be used to measure change in symptoms over time.
Target Population: / Ages 6 to 12
Languages: / The Vanderbilt scales have been translated into Spanish, .
Scoring and Interpreting: / The parent and teacher initial assessment scales have 2 components: symptom assessment and impairment in performance. The symptom assessment screens for symptoms that meet criteria for both inattentive (items 1–9) and hyperactive ADHD (items 10–18).The symptom measures are scored 1 to 3; scores of 2 or 3 on a single symptom question reflect often-occurring behaviors. The performance measures are scored 1 to 5; scores of 4 or 5 on performance questions reflect problems in performance. These scales should not be used alone to make a diagnosis. Additional scoring instructions are included on the following page.
When to use: / As indicated to screen for ADHD
Recommended Interventions: / Use these tools to assist PCPs in evaluating children for ADHD. They are recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The Vanderbilt Toolkit is available on the Internet, and it includes patient education pamphlets (such as, Parenting Tips, Homework, etc.). When you screen for symptoms of ADHD, ask about the relationship between the parent and child, homework completion, and the child’s level of success in social and academic activities at school.
Quick Guide to the Clock-Drawing Test (CDT)
Description: / The clock-drawing test (CDT) is a screening test for dementia and cognitive dysfunction. The test has a high correlation with the MMSE and other tests of cognitive dysfunction. It can be used to document deterioration over time in dementia patients. Clients are given a sheet of paper with a circle and instructed to draw in the numbers shown on a clock, and then asked to draw the hands of the clock to read “10 after 11”.Purpose: / The CDT is used to screen for dementia and cognitive dysfunction
Target Population: / All ages
Languages: / N/A
Scoring and Interpreting: / Administration and scoring instructions are contained on the following page. Cognitive impairment can usually be ruled out when the clock-drawing results are normal. Education, age and mood can influence the test results, with subjects of low education, advanced age and depression performing more poorly.
When to use: / The CDT should be used as an initial screening when cognitive impairment is suspected.
Recommended Interventions: / When results suggest problems, identify the patient’s primary support person(s) and began planning with them to assure patient safety, adjust communication strategies, and implement changes that support optimal quality of life.
CLOCK DRAWING TEST