Movin’ on up Passage Level T #1

Crayons in the Stone Age
Didyouknowthatcrayonshavebeen around for thousands of years? Well,notcrayons,exactly.Prehistoricpeople,however,didusespecialsticksto makecolorfuldrawings.
Abouttwomillionyearsago,humansdidalltheirworkwithstonetools. ThisperiodinprehistoryiscalledtheStoneAge. Peopleduringthistimewere eitherhuntersor gatherers. Hunterswentoutandfishedorhuntedforlarge animals to eat. Gatherers were in chargeofcollectingvegetablesandplants.
Huntingandgatheringtookupalotoftime, but these prehistoric humans still had time for art. Stone Age people createdbeautiful picturesoncavewalls. Mostofthese imageswereofanimals. Maybeahunterwasdrawingaboutthe animal he caught. Maybe a gatherer was recordingwhatsheatetheday before. Thesepicturescouldevenhavebeenaprehistoricshopping list! No one is exactly sure what the drawingswere for. What do you think? / 9
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #2

Solving a Problem
Onewayoflooking forthesolutionto aproblem isengineering.Engineeringisn’tonething: it’saprocess.It’smadeup ofdifferentpartsandsteps.Inthebeginning,youfigureout exactly whattheideainyourheadis.Youtalkabout it,writeitdown, makeapicture.Youimagine exactlyhowyouwantthingsto be.
Then,youlearn aboutyourproblem.Whyarethingsnottheway theyareinyourhead?What thingsaboutthesituationshouldyoukeepinmindasyou’rethinking abouthowtosolveit? Areotherpeoplelookingforasolutiontothissameproblem? Whathavetheydone?What havetheylearnedthatmight behelpfulto you?
Thenextstepistomakeadesign.Adesignisaplanthatsayshowyourpossiblesolutionis goingtolookandwork. Youmighthavemore thanonedesign, andusually there ismore than onepossiblesolutionthatcouldworkforyourproblem. / 11
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #3

On the Water
Rosina looked out over the water as her father steered the boat alongside the next float. She could see many other fishing boats, ten or twenty of them, all working with their own crab pots. Birds flew overhead and a great wave splashed against the side of the Santa Rosa.
Rosina tasted salt from the water. She looked back to see the pink glow of the sunrise over San Francisco.
Rosina wondered what Luigi and Carlo would find in the second crab pot. Perhaps Papa would forget to be angry if there was a good catch of fine, big crabs.
When the crab pot was brought on board, Rosina looked into the wire cage. Her heart sank. Only a few small crabs were inside. / 11
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #4

A Free Bird
Kiya was a free bird. From sunrise till sunset he circled above the sand and the sea with the other sea gulls, searching for food. He kept a close eye on the wharf to pick up after the fisherman.
On the beach he watched while the children had their picnics, and he ate the sandwiches they couldn’t finish. When he came too close, the children cried, “Look! Look at the sea gull!”
After a storm Kiya and the other gulls cleaned up the shore. They ate almost anything and were still hungry.
One morning Kiya began the day before the sun was up. He left the little island where he lived and went to the wharf. Kiya wanted to be there when the fisherman came in to clean the fish, but this morning no one was around. / 11
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #5

Game On
Grab your tennis racket, bicycle, and soccer ball too! A study finds that playing more than one sport may be better for you than playing just one.
Scientists studied more than 500 kids who play tennis. Most of the kids began playing the sport around age 6. They practice for 16 to 20 hours each week. The scientists found that the kids who play more than one kind of sport are less likely to be injured. To be injured is to be hurt.
Why is playing more than one sport good for you? Each sport uses different muscle groups. Playing only one sport can put too much strain on the same muscle groups. Strain is the overuse of a body part. If you play tennis, you swing a tennis racket. That puts a lot of strain on your arm. If you switch to soccer, you give your arm a rest. / 10
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #6

Practice
Bill and Jimmy May worked as a team learning how to use the Morse code.
One evening Mr. May brought home a strange looking surprise. It was a small block of wood that had a buzzer on it.
“Will this be useful while you’re learning the Morse code?” he asked.
“It sure will!” cried Bill, as he dropped his pen into his shirt pocket. “Using a buzzer to buzz out the words will work much better than tapping them out with a ball point pen.”
All through the long winter the boys used the buzzer to tell each other many things in Morse code. When spring came, Jimmy began feeling better and went back to school. / 11
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #7

Earthquakes
One summer I was in Las Vegas with my family. Our hotel room was on one of the top floors of a high-rise building. There was a morning of that vacation I will never forget. We woke up around 6 A.M. The building was shaking and swaying back and forth like a pendulum. It was an earthquake.
Las Vegas is in the western state of Nevada, which is right next toCalifornia. The epicenter was actually in California, but we still felt it over 100 miles away.
Earthquakes occur when plates in the Earth’s crust rub together. This friction causes the surface to shift back and forth. It also makes huge cracks in the ground, sometimes miles long and several feet deep.
Luckily, that summer in Las Vegas, my family got out of the building safely. I was never so scared in all my life. Others in history have not been so fortunate. On Jan. 17, 1995, an earthquake struck in Kobe, Japan. It caused over 6,000 deaths. In 1906, a huge earthquake hit San Francisco, killing over 3,000 people and destroying over 25,000 buildings. / 11
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #8

Jim West
Jim West was the youngest in a family of six boys. His older brothers let him play with them only when they needed another person in one of their games. But Jim didn’t really mind.
“Football and baseball are OK,” he said. “But I’d rather take pictures with my camera.”
Jim’s camera was a secondhand one that his cousin had given to him. Jim carried the camera around with him most of the time, since he never knew when he might want to snap a picture.
Jim sent in pictures for every snap shot contest he heard about. Even though he had never won, he kept hoping that some day he might win first prize.
Every day, right after school, Jim worked for a neighbor, Mrs. Bell. He was glad for a chance to earn money and was willing to do all kinds of jobs. Jim saved his money and bought whatever was needed for the darkroom he and his father had built in the garage. / 12
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Movin’ on up Passage Level T #9

Counting Salmon
Margie, just nine years of age, had come along to help her father count salmon. This was her first counting adventure, and she was excited!
As she pulled a branch away from her face, she heard a twig break underfoot. Margie shook her head and said to herself, “Anyone who knows how to act in the forest should make less noise than that.” She decided that she must be careful where she stepped and not break any more twigs.
When Margie caught up with her father, he whispered, “If we want to see any animals before they see us, we’ll have to make less noise.”
Margie nodded her head to show that she understood. She had looked forward to this adventure for such a long time! She just had to show Dad that she could be a good woodsman. / 11
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Movin’ on up PassageLevel T #10

A Great Leader
Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader. He lived from 1929 to 1968. Americans honor him in January with a national holiday.
King grew up in the southern part of the United States. At that time, laws treated African American people differently from white people. African Americans were forced to sit in the back of buses. They also had to use separate bathrooms and water fountains.
When King was older, he worked to change those laws. As a result, equal rights laws were passed. Those laws provide the same rights to all Americans.
King is honored with a memorial. A memorial is a statue or a place that honors a person or an event. The King memorial is built on the National Mall. That is a park in Washington, D.C., our nation's capital. Memorials for some U.S. presidents are also on the Mall.
The King memorial opened in August of 2011. It has a 30-foot statue ofKing. Sentences from some of his speeches are carved into a stone wall. / 13
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