Edward Tylor wrote that among the Dayak, this practice occurred due to the belief that victims would become slaves in the afterlife. Performing this practice would allow males to wear red hornbill earrings according to Renato Rosaldo’s study of the Ilongots, who claimed that they did it to cope with the anger following bereavement. Citing evidence that this now-uncommon practice had been exacerbated as a result of European demand, Steven Rubenstein studied the repatriation of this practice’s products among the Shuar, who believed those tsantsas could allow practitioners to control the victim’s vengeful muisak spirit found in this practice’s central body part. In Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, Margaret Mead describes how the Mundugumor gifted products of this practice as trophies and conducted large raids to obtain them. Among Jivaroan tribes, the products of this practice are often stripped and covered in ash to shrink them. For 10 points, name this practice in which a person removes and keeps the part of a victim’s body above his neck.
ANSWER: headhunting [accept answers that mention taking peoples’ heads]
A tyrosine residue in Spo11 promotes the formation of these things. HNH-like and RuvC-like domains of one enzyme together create one of these phenomena in that enzyme’s substrate. RAG enzymes produce a 5-prime-phosphorylated one of these phenomena at the recombination signal sequence. The protein Ku guides the DNA-PK catalytic subunit to bind to sites where this phenomenon has occurred. Wild-type Cas9 induces these phenomena at a site specified by its complexed crRNA. In some pathways to repair this phenomenon, MRX or MRN help to align broken ends together. This kind of damage can be repaired by homologous recombination, microhomology-mediated end-joining, or non-homologous end-joining. For 10 points, name this kind of DNA damage in which both chains of the double helix are broken.
ANSWER: double-stranded breaks [or DSBs]
The NASA-designed medium-footprint SLICER and LVIS systems use this technology to map canopy structure. Atmospheric applications of this technique use a namesake equation to relate received power to aerosol backscattering and the volume extinction coefficient. Data from this technology can be analyzed either as a full waveform of a series of discrete return peaks. Extracting last returns from this technique is one of the most popular methods of creating a digital elevation model. Terrestrial applications of this technique tend to use near-infrared light, while the bathymetric kind uses blue-green light. ASPRS maintains the LAS file format for storing three-dimensional point clouds retrieved from this technology. For 10 points, name this remote sensing technology which uses the time-to-return of laser pulses to determine the distance from a source to an object.
ANSWER: Lidar [or light detection and ranging; prompt on laser scanning]
Lionel Tannenbaum throws a pair of goggles which originally belonged to this man into a lake. This character wrote a letter from camp as a seven-year-old in which he requests books from Miss Overman and Mr. Fraser. The matron of honor complains about this man when he fails to appear at his own wedding, after which his brother Buddy recovers his diary. This author of the letter comprising “Hapworth 16, 1924” tells one of his siblings to shine his shoes for the Fat Lady before they appear on It’s a Wise Child. This husband of Muriel Fedder admits to allowing Sharon Lipschutz to sit with him on a piano bench before describing to Sybil Carpenter a creature that dies after gorging itself on curved yellow fruit. For 10 points, name this man who puts a bullet in his head at the end of “A Perfect Day for Bananafish,” the eldest child of Salinger’s Glass family.
ANSWER: Seymour Glass [prompt on “Glass”]
During this scene, one character mistakes a question about a rhythmic foot as being about an actual foot. That exchange interrupts a long speech about the sea in this scene, whose speaker keeps stretching out the word elissete, or “meandering.” A character in this scene gives some inscrutable advice about having two politicians fly and dump vinegar into their enemies’ eyes when asked about how to save the polity he lived in. That character mocks his rival by repeating that rival’s line “Ha! What a stroke, won’t you come to my rescue?” The lekythion meter is named after an exchange in this event during which one character interrupts another’s monologues with “...lost his little oil jug.” The Argo, Persuasion, and an iron club are then outweighed by the river Spercheios, Death, and two crashed chariots when two central characters are asked to recite their heaviest lines. At the end of this event, Sophocles is given a chair in the underworld after Dionysus chooses to revive Aeschylus. For 10 points, identify this event in which Aeschylus and Euripides vie to be designated the best tragic poet, from a play by Aristophanes.
ANSWER: the contest in The Frogs [accept Batrachoi for The Frogs; accept synonyms of “contest”]
In “Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture,” Fredric Jameson analyzed a film about these events in terms of the “symbolic destruction of an older America” by an alliance of the law and multinational corporations. George Burgess directs an extensive database of these events. Chris Achen and Larry Bartels argue that a series of these events dampened support for Woodrow Wilson’s re-election in parts of New Jersey. Injuries sustained by Jessie Arbogast in one of these events triggered widespread news coverage in the summer of 2001, and disposal of sheep carcasses following Eid al-Adha likely caused some of these events in the Red Sea in 2010. Richard Fernicola’s Twelve Days of Terror is about a spate of these events along the Jersey Shore in 1916. Morro Castle appears in the background of a Copley painting depicting one of these events in which Brook Watson lost a leg. These events are accompanied by an accelerating, repeated E-F theme written by John Williams in a Stephen Spielberg film. For 10 points, name these rare events in which people face aggression by large cartilaginous fish, as in Jaws.
ANSWER: shark attacks
When explaining to prosecutor Roger Robb why he fabricated a story he told to Boris Pash, this man said he did it “because I was an idiot.” William Borden sent a letter listing 21 reasons he suspected this man of being a Soviet agent to J. Edgar Hoover, likely with the encouragement of Lewis Strauss. This man, who had an affair with the Communist Jean Tatlock, lied about the actions of a man named George Eltenton to protect his friend Haakon Chevalier. At a month-long hearing, Edward Teller testified against this man’s judgment, contributing to the revocation of his Q clearance as a weapons contractor. Teller and Ernest Lawrence broke off from this scientist’s lab to found Lawrence Livermore due to his lack of support for thermonuclear weapons development. Earlier, he coined the codename “Trinity” for the first nuclear test. For 10 points, name this American physicist who, as director of Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II, helped lead the Manhattan Project.
ANSWER: (Julius) Robert Oppenheimer
Along with a common knowledge assumption, Aumann’s agreement theorem includes a controversial assumption that these entities are equivalent for all people. The square root of the determinant of Fisher information is proportional to a commonly used one of these entities named for Jeffreys. This entity has nearly no influence at large sample sizes according to the Bernstein-von Mises theorem, and Cromwell’s rule advises against using 0 or 1 for these entities. E. T. Jaynes advocated using the principle of maximum entropy to derive these things. Parameters of these entities are called hyperparameters. To express complete uncertainty, one may use an uninformative one of these, like a uniform distribution. This entity is multiplied by the likelihood function and normalized to obtain a posterior distribution. For 10 points, name this kind of probability distribution that in, Bayesian inference, expresses one’s belief about the value of a quantity before evidence is taken into account.
ANSWER: prior probability distribution [or Bayesian priors; prompt on “probability distribution”]
By creating a pH gradient that thermally dissipates excess energy, PGR5 prevents inhibition of this structure in response to intense light. Production of superoxide radicals from molecular oxygen in this structure’s reducing site is called the Mehler reaction. This structure is derived from an analogous structure in green sulfur bacteria. In cyclic phosphorylation, excited electrons from this structure’s antenna center are unusually recycled back to plastoquinone and returned to this structure. The chlorophyll a molecule in this structure’s reaction center peaks in absorbance at 700 nm, and is the strongest biological reducing agent. Photoexcitation of electrons from this structure is used by ferredoxin to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. This structure lacks an oxygen-evolving complex, which its less complex counterpart has. For 10 points, name this thylakoid membrane protein complex that is passed electrons from its later-discovered counterpart.
ANSWER: Photosystem I [or PS I; or plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase]
In one novel with this title, Dave Husack brings his son Bayard to Baranof with Dina Drake to make another woman jealous. In another novel with this title, Unn gets lost and dies in a frozen waterfall before she can tell her secret to Siss. That novel by Tarjei Vesaas shares a title with a novel in which Thor Storm and Czar Kennedy, grandparents of Christine Storm, struggle over the independence of Alaska, a work by Edna Ferber. The protagonist of a short story with this title explains how she classifies people as “canine” or “feline” to the French professor Roger Patton. That protagonist imagines meeting Margery Lee while lost in the labyrinths of the title structure after leaving Tarleton, Georgia. For 10 points, name this title of a short story about the engagement between Harry Bellamy and Sally Carrol Happer, the second story in Flappers and Philosophers by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
ANSWER: The Ice Palace [or The Palace of Ice; or Is-slottet]
A 2017 paper shows that using infrared laser pulses to achieve high-harmonic generation in this solid material can be enhanced by using elliptically polarized light. Like a similar but more expensive material, a composite of this material’s oxide with polystyrene, prepared by hot-pressing, achieved a percolation threshold of 0.1% of volume. Charge carriers in this substance act as massless Dirac fermions with a Berry phase of pi in an an unusual half-integer quantum Hall effect. The velocity of charge carriers in this substance stays constant throughout the conduction and valence bands. Those bands meet at the Dirac points, meaning that this substance has a band gap of zero while, unusually, still acting as a semiconductor. This material forms a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice because of its sp2 hybridization, and can be prepared using the Scotch tape method. For 10 points, name this carbon allotrope that forms atom-thick layers.
ANSWER: graphene
One character in this work laments that after spending five years with a man with no sense of humor, she has lost her own. A man who had appeared at that character’s Thursday salons is sent by Bela Szogody to find British-looking people for a Hollywood film. One character in this work repeatedly asks for gin and water and sings about One-Eyed Riley as Julia Shuttlethwaite retrieves her glasses. Another character describes how Christian tribes in Kinkanja succeed over heathen ones due to their ability to kill and eat monkeys, causing tensions culminating in the martyrdom of Celia Green. This work’s protagonist hides the fact that his wife has left him by pretending she is visiting a sick aunt in Essex. An unidentified guest at this work’s title event is revealed to be the psychiatrist Sir Henry Harcourt-Reilly, who reconciles Edward and Lavinia. For 10 points, name this play by T. S. Eliot.
ANSWER: The Cocktail Party
In a 1941 article, Kalven and Rosenfeld argued that these actions had a deterrent effect that could supplant direct regulation. They’re not mergers or acquisitions, but under federal law, a fairness hearing must be held before these actions conclude to ensure that the outcome is reasonable. In AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion, the Supreme Court ruled that despite California law, arbitration clauses waiving these actions were valid. A 2005 act set a minimal diversity standard for federal jurisdiction over these legal actions, and allowed stricter scrutiny of coupon settlements. These legal actions are mainly covered in Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which outlines the conditions of commonality, adequacy, numerosity, and typicality that they require. Walmart v. Dukes failed the certification process for these cases, which involves verifying that the representative plaintiff’s claim is typical of thousands of potential plaintiffs. For 10 points, name this type of legal action in which a group sues another party.
ANSWER: class action [or class suit; prompt on “lawsuit”]
This man’s works are quoted in the final passacaglia of Caroline Shaw’s Partita for 8 Voices. John Baldessari sung some of this artist’s works to tunes like “Camptown Races.” In Woody Allen’s Manhattan, a mention of this visual artist gets Yale and Mary talking about the “Academy of the Overrated.” This artist distinguished six densities of graphite scribbles in one series of works. An enormous retrospective of his work is being held for 25 years at Yale, Williams, and MASS MoCA. Stacks of open white cubes and prisms make up much of his series of “structures.” He instructed drafters to copy an irregular black line for the 797th member of a certain series, whose 122nd member places at random all combinations of crossings between different lines and arcs. He wrote of an art form where “the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work” in his “Paragraphs on Conceptual Art,” which was followed by his “Sentences on Conceptual Art.” For 10 points, name this American minimalist artist best known for his sets of instructions for wall drawings.
ANSWER: Solomon “Sol” LeWitt
This poet wrote that “even the poor know that richness” in “The Lemon Trees,” which, along which such poems as “In Limine” and “Chrysalis,” appears in Cuttlefish Bones. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this Nobel Prize-winning Italian Hermeticist poet whose other collections include The Storm.
ANSWER: Eugenio Montale
[10] In this work by Tim O’Brien, Dave Jensen begins singing “Lemon Tree” while he and the narrator wash Curt Lemon’s remains out of a tree, and the medic Rat Kiley writes to Lemon’s sister.
ANSWER: The Things They Carried
[10] This poet described how “the lemon tree’s yellow / emerges, / the lemons / move down / from the tree’s planetarium” in one of his Elemental Odes. He also wrote Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.
ANSWER: Pablo Neruda
One scene in this movie cuts back and forth between shots of the male protagonist being beat up by a gang of political radicals and a goat being slaughtered. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this film directed by Djibril Diop Mambéty in which Mory and Anta ride around on a motorcycle adorned with a cow skull and try to escape to Paris. Its soundtrack prominently features Josephine Baker singing “Paris, Paris.”
ANSWER: Touki Bouki [or The Journey of the Hyena; accept alternate translations about hyenas]
[10] Mambéty was from this African country. Diouana is a housekeeper who is exploited by her French employers in Black Girl, which, like Xala and Moolaadé, was directed by Ousmane Sembène, a man from this country.
ANSWER: Senegal
[10] Touki Bouki was one of the first African movies to borrow from the fast-paced jump cut-based style of this Jean-Luc Godard film. Like Touki Bouki, it focuses on an outlaw, Michel Poiccard, as well as his American girlfriend Patricia.
ANSWER: Breathless [or Á bout de souffle]
One member of this movement advocated dialectical “negative thinking” as a means of seeing the contradictions of capitalism in books like Reason and Revolution and One-Dimensional Man. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this German school of critical theory whose members included Herbert Marcuse and Theodor Adorno.
ANSWER: Frankfurt School
[10] A frequent target for conservative critics of Marcuse is his essay on the “repressive” form of this concept, published alongside essays by Robert Paul Wolff and Barrington Moore, Jr. Marcuse claims “the telos of [this concept] is truth” and that some kinds of it can paradoxically reinforce the status quo against revolution.
ANSWER: tolerance
[10] In his book on Marcuse, this Scottish philosopher countered “Repressive Tolerance” by claiming the telos of tolerance is rationality. His book After Virtue compares the state of post-Nietzschean moral philosophy to Polynesia after Kamehameha II’s abolition of taboos.