EXAM 2 REVIEW!

  1. Do the chromosomes get copied before or during Mitosis? In what phase does this happen?
  1. Before, G phase
  2. Before, S phase
  3. During, Prophase
  4. During, Prometaphase
  1. List all the steps of Mitosis and give the main points of what happens in each.

Prophase: Chromosomes condense and microtubules form

Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindles attach

Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase: Sister chromatids get pulled apart and separate to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase: chromatin unwind, two nuclei form

  1. What are homologous chromosomes? When do they pair and what important thing happens between them that makes Meiosis unique?

One chromosome from mom and one from dad that hold the same gene. Prophase I, crossing over occurs. Crossing over causes uniqueness in genotype

  1. List the steps of Meiosis, and describe briefly the important points in each step. (Include what the chromosomes look like!)

Meiosis

Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs

Metaphase I: The homologous pairs line up in the middle (spindles attached)

Anaphase I: The pairs start to separate to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase I and Cytokinesis: cells splits into two, but the 2 copies of the chromosomes stay present

Prophase II: Starts now with a normal looking chromosome made of two sister chromatids

Metaphase II: Those line up in the middle

Anaphase II: Sister chromatids get pulled to opposite sides

Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Chromosomes unwind into chromatin, you now have 4 daughter cells (all unique)

  1. In both Mitosis and Meiosis, at what phase do the chromosomes unwind back into chromatin, and the nuclear envelope reforms?

I made a mistake in the session of saying it was Cytokinesis, this is not true! My mistake! This happens in Telophase

  1. Anaphase
  2. Telophase I
  3. Telophase II
  4. Cytokinesis
  5. Cytokinesis II
  1. There are ___ allele(s) on each gene. These are _____ and _____.
  1. 1; homozygous and heterozygous
  2. 2; homozygous and heterozygous
  3. 3; dominant and recessive
  4. 2; dominant and recessive
  1. What is genetics? What is inheritance?

Genetics: Study of inheritance. Inheritance: Traits that are passed from parent to offspring.

  1. Suppose you have a true breeding blue fish and a true breeding green fish. In fish, blue coloration is dominant. Fish can also have reflective scales or dull scales. In fish, having reflective scales is a dominant trait. Create a dihybrid Punnett square.

BR / Br / bR / br
BR / BBRR / BBRr / BbRR / BbRr
Br / BBRr / BBrr / BbRr / Bbrr
bR / BbRR / BbRr / bbRR / bbRr
br / BbRr / Bbrr / bbRr / bbrr
  1. Suppose a Mom and a Dad have 2 sons. One son is affected by color blindness. Mom and Dad are not color blind. You know that color blindness is a recessive trait (b) and seeing color is a dominant trait (B). Draw a pedigree for this situation and explain how the parents are not color blind, yet can have a color blind son.

Mom is Bb (carrier)

Dad is Bb

The blind son is bb

And the other son could be BB or Bb

  1. In chromatin, ____ winds around proteins called ____
  1. RNA; enzymes
  2. Chromosomes; reactors
  3. DNA; histones
  4. DNA; lipoproteins
  5. DNA; operators
  1. The Central Dogma flow chart should look like what?

DNARNAprotein

  1. What is a codon? How does it refer to the reading code?

Triplet of bases, you read three letters at a time

  1. You have a strand of DNA that is the following TACGGCATCGGT. What are the amino acids that you would get? (Think Central Dogma!)

AUGCCGUAGCCA (met, pro, stop) DO NOT CODE FOR ANY AMINO ACIDS AFTER STOP CODON!

  1. What happens in EPA?
  1. DNA strand gets made into RNA strand
  2. Proteins are being made
  3. mRNA is getting made
  4. RNA gets turned back into DNA
  1. What model of DNA replication do we know is true for us? Explain what it is.
  1. Semiconservative
  2. Dispersive
  3. Conservative
  4. Transparative
  5. Transversal
  1. In a rabbit, 40% of the nucleotides are Guanine. What would the percentage be for Thymine? =10% Adenine= 10%

Guanine= 40% and Cytosine=40%

  1. You had an original RNA strand that was AUGUUCGAGGGC. Use this strand as your template when working on the following mutations, and find what codon(s) changed and what kind of mutation it is.
  1. AUGUUUGAGGGC (UUC changed to UUU which did not change the amino acid. Silent mutation)
  2. AUGUUCGACGGC (GAG changed to GAC which changed glu to asp) which is a missense mutation)
  3. AUGUUCUAG (You have UAG which codes for a stop codon which is nonsense)
  1. Why is insertion such a dangerous mutation?
  1. It will cause a shift in the sequence
  2. It would cause a duplication of traits
  3. It would lead to death
  4. It is not the most dangerous, it is the least dangerous
  1. tRNA holds the _____ which is the pair to mRNA’s _____
  1. antiparallel strand; parallel strand
  2. codon; anticodon
  3. deoxyribose; ribose
  4. anticodon; codon
  1. If lactose is present, what would bind to the operator? This means what for transcription?
  1. Lac I
  2. Lac operon
  3. Lac initiator
  4. Lac repressor
  1. Lac operon binding to the operator means that transcription occurs. What does transcription do in bacteria?
  1. It synthesizes ribosomes
  2. It turns gene expression on
  3. It turns gene expression off
  4. It checks for helps aid in cell division
  1. If glucose and lactose are present, what does that mean for transcription?
  1. Transcription cannot occur because Lac operon does not work with glucose
  2. Transcription will be paused until glucose breaks down to a more accepted state
  3. Transcription levels will be high
  4. Transcription levels will be low
  1. Why does it mean to genetically modify something? What is the point of doing this to crops?

You change the genetic makeup of an organism. It can protect crops from diseases, and make them nutrient rich

  1. What is nuclear transplantation? Give an example.

Moving nucleus from adult to blastocyte (embryo) = cloning

  1. What does the role of plasmid DNA play in the the experiments of GMO with bacteria?

It is the DNA of bacteria. S they can cut and paste DNA from another organism into plasmid DNA so bacteria can reproduce quickly

VOCAB CHALLENGE

  • Gene
  • Allele
  • Chromosome
  • Chromatin
  • Chromatid
  • Centromere
  • Diploid
  • Haploid
  • Pleiotropy
  • Incomplete dominance
  • Codominance
  • Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Assortment…
  • Carrier
  • X-linked
  • Dispersive, conservative, semiconservative
  • RNA polymerase
  • Lac operon
  • Lac I