1

Directions: Answer all following questions in your own words as you read pg. 219-270 in Ch.6

Environmental Geography, 6.1

(pg.221-230)

Africa’s Environmental Issues:

  1. Define the following key terms in your own words:

Desertification =

Sahel =

Transhumane =

Biofuel =

  1. Complete the environmental problem chart.

Desertification / Describe 3 causes:
Deforestation / Describe2 causes:
Wildlife Conservation / Describe2 factors impeding conservation:
  1. Which environmental problem could be found:
  1. In Ethiopia? ______
  1. In East Africa? ______
  1. In Madagascar? ______
  1. On the Sahel? ______

Plateaus and Basins:

  1. What topographic feature dominates the interior of Africa? ______
  1. Where in Sub-Saharan Africa could the highest elevations be found? ______
  1. Complete the watershed chart.

Name 3 of Africa’s largest watershed’s: / Name 2 benefits these watersheds collectively provide:

Climate and Vegetation:

  1. Explain the climate pattern (location, characteristics) in Africa.

Population & Settlement, 6.2

(pg.230-240)

  1. Africa’s population is rapidly growing. By 2050, it is estimated that the global population will increase by ______, while Sub-Saharan Africa’s will increase by _____.

Math: Use question #1 to complete the chart

Est. Population (2005) / Est. Population (2050)
World / 6,500,000,000
Sub-Saharan Africa / 670,000,000
  1. Some geographers prefer statistics like ______& ______because of their ability to connect the concepts of population & ______, rather than population density.

Population Trends & Demographic Debates:

  1. Large families are preferred because:

  1. –
  2. –
  3. –
/
  1. –
  2. –
  3. –

  1. Since the 1980s, factors that are beginning to slow Africa’s population growth rate:
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. ______is ground zero for the AIDS epidemic. For example, in Botswana ______of people aged 15-49 are infected as compared with ______of people 15-49 in North America. Sub-Saharan Africa represents ______of the world’s AIDS cases, where ______have already died.
  1. What are the social and economic impacts of AIDS?
  1. What have been the successes and failures of fighting AIDS in Africa?

Successes / Failures

Patterns of Settlement:

  1. The areas of greatest settlement are:
  1. ______-
  1. ______-
  1. ______-
  1. Describe swidden (slash & burn) agriculture.
  1. Why is plantation agriculture important?
  1. What is a pastoralist? And describe the symbolic relationships maintained by pastoralists.

Urban Life:

  1. In what ways are African cities similar to Latin American cities?
  1. Ancient Africa had a tradition of establishing important cities. circle YES NO

Islam greatly influenced the cities of Africa. circle YES NO

European colonization greatly influenced the cities of Africa. circle YES NO

  1. Compare West African and South African cities.

West Africa / South Africa
Purpose
Structure
  1. Apartheid =

Cultural Coherence & Diversity, 6.3

(pg.240-249)

  1. Why does Africa south of the Sahara lack unity or homogeneity?
  1. –
  2. –
  3. –
  4. –

Language Patterns:

  1. Why is the Bantu language group so important?
  1. What is the most widely spoken language in Sub-Saharan Africa? ______
  1. Ethnic and linguistic identities are ______as a result of ______.
  1. Tribe =
  1. ______have largely drawn the map (boundaries) of Africa that exist today, albeit ______.
  1. List the reasons for the establishment of formal boundaries and the resulting problems.

Established to… / Resulting problems:
  1. –
  1. –
/
  1. –
  2. –
  3. –

  1. During ______, European languages were introduced in Africa and are still used today for ______& ______.

Religion:

  1. Indigenous African religion is classified as ______, some characteristics include:
  1. –
  2. –
  1. The first world religion introduced to Africa was ______in ______.
  1. Europeans converted significant numbers of Africans again in the ______and ______.
  1. When and how was Islam introduced to Sub-Saharan Africa?
  1. In what region of Sub-Saharan Africa does Islam dominate? ______
  1. Summarize the interactions of African religion in:
  1. West Africa (Nigeria) –
  1. Northeast Africa (EthiopiaSudan) –

Globalization & African Culture:

  1. Most slaves were taken from ______, numbering ______which resulted in: (1) ______(2) ______(3) ______.

Geopolitical Framework, 6.4

(pg.249-260)

Indigenous Kingdoms & European Encounters:

  1. Examples of Indigenous Kingdoms include:
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. When and why did Sub-Saharan states fall from power?
  1. ______traded slaves in exchange for ______. ______were the victims of these raiders.
  2. What difficulties and successes did Europeans face in penetrating Africa?

Obstacles to European Access: / Discoveries allowing European Access:
A.-
B.- / A.-
B.-

European Colonization:

  1. European colonization of Africa = “______”
  1. In summary, a major reason for European imperialism in Africa can be described as:
  1. Explain the Berlin Conference.
  1. The only African state able to maintain independence amidst European pressure = _____
  1. Using the last paragraph in “Berlin Conference” and the map on pg. 252, which European state do you think was the most powerful in Africa? Why?
  1. Why is South Africa important?
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Describe characteristics of the key groups in South Africa.
  1. Dutch
  2. –
  1. –
  1. British
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Africans
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Boer War.
  1. Cause =
  1. Description =
  1. Apartheid begins, 1948.
  1. Apartheid policies
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  • describe homelands:

Decolonization & Independence:

  1. For the most part decolonization and independence for African nations was (1)______and (2) ______.
  1. Violent battles for independence were centered in ______. Some examples are
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Describe Mozambique’s struggle for independence and current situation.
  1. List the steps that led to the end of apartheid in South Africa.
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Who is Nelson Mandela?
  1. Summarize the problems that remain in South Africa.

Enduring Political Conflict:

  1. What problems emerged from the European drawn political boundaries in Africa?
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Tribalism =
  1. Why were political boundaries not simply redrawn after independence?
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. As a result of ethnic and secessionist conflicts,
  1. Refugees =
  1. Internally Displaced Persons =
  1. Genocide breaks out in Rwanda, 1994.
  1. Tutsi =
  1. Hutu =
  1. ______slaughtered ______million ______.
  1. Explain the broader problems resulting from the Rwandan genocide.
  1. Instability can sometimes aid terrorism. Explain Sierra Leone’s connection to terrorism.
  1. Problems in the Horn of Africa typically center on famine. What caused the famine in Somalia in 1992?
  1. Was the U.S. able to establish order in Somalia?circle YES or NO
  1. Have there been widespread successful secessionist movements?circle YES or NO
  1. Modern government systems in Africa are dominated by “Big Man” politics. Common attributes include:
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –

Economic & Social Development, 6.5

(pg.260-270)

  1. By any measure, Sub-Saharan Africa is ______.
  1. Why were the economic indicators of the 1990s particularly troubling?
  1. What were the results of structural adjustment programs introduced by the World Bank and IMF?

Roots of African Poverty: (pg.262-264)

  1. Describe the three broad factors that scholars site as reasons for Africa’s poverty:
  1. Environment –
  1. Slave Trade –
  1. Colonization –
  1. After independence several specific policies have intensified African poverty. They include:
  1. Failed Development Policies
  1. Why was Africa’s dependence on exporting mineral and agricultural products problematic in the 1980s and 1990s?
  1. Why was Africa’s decision to reduce its economic dependence on Europe problematic?
  1. Food Policies
  1. Why was it a mistake for governments to keep the price of agricultural goods low for urban areas?
  1. In the 1980s, famine occurred in _____ African countries, because:
  2. Despite Africa’s poverty, it is important to realize to that its people are ______than those in South Asia.
  1. Corruption
  1. Why is corruption a factor in Africa’s poverty?
  1. Kleptocracy =

Links to the World Economy: (pg.264-267)

  1. The majority of Africa’s trade is with ______.
  1. Africa has few economic and communication connections with itself and the world. Some examples of its isolation include:
  1. –
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Africa is linked to the world through aid. In one extreme example ______, aid accounts for _____ of its economy. The country that provides to the most aid to Africa is ______.
  1. Why do investors often avoid investing money in Africa?
  1. Aid is sometimes a trap for nations, because of the resulting debt. In ______, for example, debt payments receive ______than health care.

Economic Differentiation Within Africa: (pg.267-268)

  1. Describe the economy of South Africa and the disparity that exists.
  1. What advantages have led to relatively prosperous conditions in Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Namibia, and Botswana?
  1. –
  1. –
  1. Describe the economy of Nigeria and the disparity that exists.
  1. Kenya has potential to become an economic leader. Describe its strengths & weaknesses.

Strengths / Weakness
  1. –
  2. –
  3. –
  4. –
  5. –
/ a. -
  1. The poorest states in Africa are located: ______.
  2. ______is Africa’s poorest nation with people earning an average of $______per year.

Measuring Social Development: (pg.268-269)

  1. Unlike Africa’s economic, its social development shows ______.
  1. Africa’s life expectancy is the lowest in the world. What are some reasons for this?
  1. –
  2. –
  3. –
  4. –

Women and Development:

  1. Why are women considered “invisible contributors?”
  1. Read “Status of Women,” “Building from Within,” and “Nanas-Benz.” Then describe examples of women’s growing equality and remaining discrimination.

Growing Equality / Remaining Discrimination
  1. –
  2. –
  3. –
  4. –
  5. –
/
  1. –
  2. –
  3. –
  4. –

Don’t understand…