PNPI IN FAIR: INTRODUCTION
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, FAIR, is an Internationalproject (Austria, China, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia,Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are the partner countries),which is being built now at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany. It will provide unique accelerator and experimental facilities allowing for a large variety ofresearch in physics and applied science. The main thrust of the FAIR research focuses on the structure and evolution ofmatter on both a microscopic and on a cosmic scale, deepening ourunderstanding of fundamental questions like those:
• How does the complex structure of matter at all levels arise from thebasic constituents and the fundamental interactions?
• How can the structure of hadronic matter be deduced from the stronginteraction? In particular, what is the origin of hadron masses?
• What is the structure of matter under the extreme conditions oftemperature and density found in astrophysical objects?
• What was the evolution and the composition of matter in the earlyUniverse?
• What is the origin of the elements in the Universe?
The FAIR core facility embraces the 14 experiments which have beenapproved by the International Steering Committee (July 24, 2006, Berlin). These approvedexperiments form four scientific pillars of the FAIR research program. More than 2500 scientists andengineers are involved in the design and preparation of the FAIR experiments.They are organized in the experimental collaborations listed below.
APPA – Atomic, Plasma Physics and Applications (atomic and plasma physics, and applied sciences in the bio,medical, and material sciences)including the following research activities:
BIOMAT – BIOlogy and MATerial science,
FLAIR – Facility for Low-energy Antiproton and Heavy Ion Research,
HEDgeHOB/WDM – Plasma physics experimental stations,
SPARC – Stored Particle Atomic Research Collaboration.
CBM/HADES– Compressed Baryonic Matter(physics of hadrons and quarks in compressed nuclear matter, hypernuclear matter).
PANDA – AntiProton ANnihilation in Darmstadt(hadron structure and spectroscopy, strange and charm physics,hypernuclear physics with anti-proton beams).
NuSTAR – Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions (structure of nuclei, physics of nuclear reactions, nuclearastrophysics and radioactive ion beams)including the following experiments:
R3B – Reaction with Relativistic Radioactive Beams,
DESPEC – DEcay SPECtroscopy,
HISPEC – HIgh resolution SPECtroscopy,
MATS – Precision Measurements of very short-lived nuclei withAdvanced Trapping System,
LASPEC – LAser SPECtroscopy of short-lived nuclei,
ILIMA – Isomeric beams,LIfetimes and Masses,
ELISE – Electron-Ion ScattEring in a Storage Ring,
EXL – EXotic nuclei studied in Light-ion induced reactions at the NESR storage ring.
In order to enable an expeditious start of the FAIRconstruction,a proposal was preparedin 2007for a start version while securing the discovery potential of the facility. For this purpose, the startversion as agreed upon in 2007 was structured in six modules:
Module 0: Heavy-Ion Synchrotron SIS100 – the basis and core facility of FAIR, which is required for all science programmes;
Module 1: CBM/HADES cave, an experimental hall for APPA and detectorcalibrations;
Module 2: Super-FRS for NuSTAR;
Module 3: Antiproton facility for PANDA, providing further options also forNuSTAR ring physics;
Module 4: Second cave for NuSTAR, NESR storage ring for NuSTAR andAPPA, a building for antimatter programme FLAIR;
Module 5: RESR storage ring for higher beam intensity for PANDA and parallel operation with NuSTAR.
Based on recent cost estimates and the firm commitments on funding of FAIRMember States, the new StartVersion comprised of Modules 0, 1, 2, and 3 was accepted (see Fig.1). This Modularized StartVersion provides for researchprograms inall four scientific areas.Modules 4 (the low energy physics program) and 5 (intense secondary beams and an improved accelerator operation due to the time-sharing mode bringing FAIR towards its full parallel operation capacity) are scientifically highly desirable, and obviously the Modularized Start Version will be upgraded in future.
Fig. 1.FAIR Modularized Start Version. Colouring of modules: 0 –green; 1 – red; 2 – yellow; 3 – orange. Modules 4 and 5 are not marked in colour. Not shown is the additional experimental area above ground, which isa part of Module 1. On the left hand side of the figure, the existing GSI facility isshown
The construction phase of the FAIR Modularized StartVersionis scheduled to be completed in 2017, and the experiments should start in 2018.
PNPIparticipatesin three of the four FAIR scientific pillars –CBM, PANDA,andNuSTAR (experiments R3B and MATS). The plans of PNPI participation in these FAIR projects are described in the following.
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