DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY

ENDOCRINOLOGY- STUDY GUIDE

Dr.AyishaQureshi

  1. Introduction to Endocrinology:
  • Important peripheral endocrine glands
  • Different chemical classes of hormones
  • Structure, synthesis, secretion & transport of hormones
  • Mechanism of action of hormones
  1. Pituitary hormones
  • Anterior pituitary & hormones secreted:Source, structure, moa, transport, Physiological actions of the following hormones:

ACTH

-POMC

-MSH

LH

FSH

Prolactin

TSH

Growth hormone

  • Posterior pituitary & hormones secreted:
  • Oxytocin: structure, synthesis, moa, actions
  • Antidiuretic hormone(Vasopressin): structure, synthesis, moa, actions

-Diabetes Insipidus & its Types

  • Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood system & its significance
  1. Growth hormone:
  • Synthesis, structure, moa
  • Physiological functions of Growth hormone
  • Regulation of Growth hormone secretion
  • Role of Somatomedin C
  • Abnormalities of Growth hormone secretion:

Acromegaly

Gigantism

Dwarfism & its types: Levi-Lorain Dwarfism & African Pygmies

  1. Thyroid Hormones:
  • Structure and the Types
  • Biosynthesis: Steps, Site, Enzymes
  • Secretion & transport
  • Physiological functions of Thyroid hormone
  • Regulation of Thyroid hormone secretion
  • Disorders of thyroid hormone secretion:

Hyperthyroidism:

-Grave’s diseaseExophthalmos

Hypothyroidism

Goitre & its pathophysiology

Myxedema

Cretinism

  1. Adrenocortical Hormones
  • Differentiate b/w medulla & cortex
  • Adrenal Cortex: Identification of different zones & the hormone secreted by each.
  • Mineralocorticoids:

Aldosterone: synthesis, structure, moa, transport

Physiological functions of Aldosterone

Regulation of secretion

Disorders of Aldosterone secretion:

-Hypoadrenalism: Addison’s disease

-Primary Aldosteronism: Conn’s syndrome

  • Glucocorticoids

Cortisol: synthesis, structure, moa, transport

Physiological functions of Cortisol

Regulation of secretion

Disorders of Cortisol secretion:

-Hypoadrenalism: Addison’s disease

-Hyperadrenalism: Cushing’s syndrome

-Differentiate b/w Cushing’s syndrome & Cushing’s Disease

  • Androgens

DHEA: structure, synthesis, moa, transport

Disorder: Adrenogenital syndrome

  1. Pancreatic hormones
  • Structure of pancreas: Exocrine & Endocrine parts
  • Hormones secreted by the Endocrine parts of the Pancreas
  • Insulin:

Synthesis & structure

C-peptide and its significance

Mechanism of Insulin secretion

Moa: How insulin acts on its target cells

Physiological functions of Insulin

Regulation of Insulin secretion

  • Glucagon:

Synthesis, source & structure

Physiological functions of Glucagon

Role of Glucagon during fasting & between meals

  • Role of Somatostatin in inhibiting Insulin & Glucagon secretion
  • Diabetes Mellitus:

Type IType II DM and differences between the 2 types

Pathophysiology of DM

Signs & Symptoms of DM

Diagnostic tests: Glucose tolerance test & its significance

Treatment

  • Hyperinsulinism
  1. Hormones of Calcium & Phosphate Metabolism:
  • Overview of Ca & P metabolism in ECF & plasma
  • Role of bone in Ca & P metabolism
  • Vitamin D: synthesis & its significance
  • Parathyroid Gland:

Location

Structure

Parathyroid hormone

  • Calcitonin
  • Disorders:

Hypoparathyroidism

Primary & Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Osteoporosis