Department of English
Linguistics 0120220
Work Sheet
Thursday 1/12/2011
1. What is Semantics?
2. What is sense, what is reference?
3. Sense Relations:
Read the following pairs and show the relationship between them? How are they related?
1. Synonymy
ü almost / nearly
ü big / large
ü broad / wide
ü buy / purchase
ü cab / taxi
ü freedom / liberty
2. Antonymy (opposites)
a. complementary
ü pass / fail
ü alive/dead
ü big/ small
ü married / single
ü true / false
ü hit / miss ( a target)
b. Gradable
ü big / small
ü fast / slow
ü happy / sad
ü hot / cold
c. Reverses
ü push / pull
ü come / go
ü ascend / descend
3. Homonyms (under different lexical entries when one form has two or more unrelated meanings)
ü bank ( of a river )
ü bank (financial institution)
ü bat (flying creature)
ü bat (used in sports)
ü pupil ( at school)
ü pupil ( in the aye)
ü race ( contest of speed)
ü race ( ethnic group)
ü peer (person belonging to the same group)
ü peer (look searchingly)
ü peep (make shrill sound)
ü peep (look cautiously)
4. Homophones (sense of the same spoken word)
ü bare / bear
ü meet / meat
ü flour / flower
ü right / write
ü to / too / two
ü weigh / way
ü none / nun
ü tail / tale
6. Homographs (sense of the same written word)
1. lead (verb)
2. lead (metal) different words that are spelled identically
3. row ( line of objects) and possibly pronounced
4. row (quarrel) the same (heteronyms)
5. pen (cage)
6. pen ( writing instrument)
7. Polysemy (listed under the same lexical entry)
(One form having multiple meanings that are related by extension)
(More words with the same form and related meanings.
Head : (the object on the top of your body )
(on top of bottle)
(person at the top of company or department .
Foot : ( of person )
( of bed)
( of mountain)
8. Metonymy (a word used in the place of another word or expression to convey the same meaning)
brass (military) officer
Moscow (Russian government)
crown (monarchy)
The close connection can be based on a container / content relation:
bottle / water
can / juice
a whole / part relation:
car / wheels
house / roof
or
Representation / symbol relation
king / crown
president / Whitehouse
8. Meronymy: (part / whole relationship between lexical items).
cover / page are meronyms of book
X is part of Y
Y has X
9. Hyponymy (when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another) superordinate / subordinate relation)
Plant
vegetable flower tree
10. Word play
ü Why are trees often mistaken for dog? Because of their bark.
Bark means لحاء, نباح
ü Why is 6 afraid of 7 ?
Because (789) what does that mean ?
11. Collocations : ( The habitual association between words )
hammer / nail
table / chair
needle / thread
salt / pepper
blond / hair
نباح الكلب
عواء الذئب
ضرع البقرة
خلف الناقة