Academic Vocabulary Week of 3/6/17 in Reading Class
1. cite
DEFINITIONS AND PART OF SPEECH for cite:
cite: verb. 1.a. To quote as an authority or example. b. To mention or bring forward as support, illustration, or proof. 2. To summon before a court of law. 3. To mention and commend for actions worthy of praise.
infinitive: to cite
VERB CONJUGATIONS for cite:
present tense: cite, cites, citing
past tense: cited
future tense: will cite, going to cite, shall cite
SYNONYMSfor cite as a verb:
-definition 1.a and b: quote, accredit, ascribe, attribute, refer, source, substantiate, instance
-definition 2: convoke, call, muster, subpoena, marshal
-definition 3: commend, honor, laud, acclaim, exalt, esteem, extol, praise
ANTONYMS for cite as a verb:
-definitions 1a and b have only “near antonyms (this means there isn’t a word that means the exact opposite, but it is a close opposite.): ignore, neglect, overlook, slight, disregard
-definition 2: discharge, dismiss, adjourn, release
-definition 3:blame, condemn, censure, reprimand, rebuke, rebuke
Other forms and parts of speech in this word family:
citation: noun. 1. A reference or quotation. 2. A summons to appear in court. 3. An official recommendation for bravery, heroism, citizenship, etc. 4. The act of citing.
SYNONYMSfor citation as a noun:
-definition 1. quotation, reference, footnote, attribution, ascription, source, substantiation
-definition 2: convocation, subpoena, marshal, writ
-definition 3: commendation, honorarium, award, estimation, accolade, reward
ANTONYMSfor citation as a noun:
-definition 3: demotion, censure, demerit, condemnation, admonition
SAMPLE SENTENCES:
Used as a verbin definition 1a and b: Don’t forget that you need to cite all your sources and quotations when you write your research report.
Used as a verb in definition2: The lawyer threatened to cite the witness if he would not agree to testify in court during the trial.
Used as a verb in definition 3: Police Chief Hernandez is citing three patrol officers at a medal ceremony for their dedication and service.
Used as the noun “citation” in definition 1: There are at least three citations of evidence from research studies sourced in my report.
Used as the noun “citation” in definition 2: The judge issued citations for the suspects to appear in court by 9:00 am the next morning.
Used as the noun “citation” in definition 3: Citations can come in many forms, such as medals, plaques, trophies, certificates, promotions of rank, grade or title, or even naming a building, street, or airport after a person.
Used as the noun “citation” in definition 4: The authority of official citation is limited to the Police Chief and the Mayor in the city in which they live and serve.
2. abstract:
DEFINITIONS AND PARTS OF SPEECH for abstract:
abstract: adjective. 1. Thought of apart from any particular object or thing; disassociated from any specific instance. 2. Difficult to understand. 3. In art, concerned with designs or shapes that do not realistically represent any person or thing. 4. Dealing with a subject in its abstract terms.
abstract: verb. 1. To take away; remove. 2. To think of something apart from any particular instance or thing. 3. To make a summary of.
abstract: noun. 1. A brief summary of the main points of a text.
infinitive: to abstract
VERB CONJUGATIONS forabstract:
present tense: abstract, abstracts, abstracting
past tense: abstracted
future tense: will abstract, going to abstract, shall abstract
SYNONYMSfor abstract as an adjective:
definition 1: hypothetical, conceptual, theoretical, academic, intellectual
definition 2: abstruse, esoteric, profound, deep, recondite, complex
definition 4: impersonal, detached
ATNONYMSfor abstract as an adjective:
definition 1: concrete, particular, specific, practical
definition 2: simple, facile, shallow, obvious, exoteric, superficial
definition 3: realistic, life-like, naturalistic
SYNONYMSfor abstract as a verb:
definition 1: detach, disassociate, disengage, withdraw
definition 3: epitomize, summarize, synopsize, recapitulate, review, condense, abridge, truncate
Other forms and parts of speech in this word family: (NOTE: THIS IS A VERY LARGE WORD FAMILY, AND THERE ARE EVEN MORE FORMS THAT AREN’T INCLUDED HERE. YOU ONLY NEED TO HAVE “abstracted” AS AN ADJECTIVE AND “abstraction” AS A NOUN IN YOUR JOURNAL AND KNOW THEM FOR THE TEST. IT’S HELPFUL TO HAVE THE REST OF THEM, SO IF YOU ARE A MOTIVATED STUDENT, YOU CAN ADD THEM FOR EXTRA CREDIT.
abstracted: adjective: 1. lost or deep in thought; absent-minded. 2. Inattentive to one’s surroundings; unaware.
abstractedly: adverb. 1. Done with abstraction.
abstractly: adverb. 1. In an abstract manner or condition. 2. With respect to abstract concepts.
abstractedness: noun. 1. The condition or quality of being abstracted. 2. The tendency towards being abstracted.
abstraction: noun. 1. The act or process of considering something apart from particular instances or things. 2. An idea or quality thought of apart from any particular instance or thing. 3. Absent-mindedness or preoccupation. 4. An abstract composition or work of art.
abstracter or abstractor: noun. 1. A person who abstracts. 2. One who is abstracting.
abstractable: adjective. 1. Able to be abstracted; capable of abstraction.
abstractive and abstractional: adjectives. Of or relating to abstraction. (these words are both adjectives and synonyms for each other, so they are interchangeable).
abstractionism: noun. 1. The principles or practice of creating abstract art.
abstractionist: noun. 1. A person who creates abstract art; an abstract artist.
SAMPLE SENTENCES:
Used as an adjective in definition 1: It takes practice to be able to think about abstract concepts because the human brain makes sense through connections and associations and an abstract concept doesn’t exist in reality.
Used as an adjective in definition 2: Mr. Nunziato’s main goal in life is to do everything he can to empower his students with the ability to comprehend any abstract texts and the desire to seek and acquire knowledge for their lifetimes.
Used as an adjective in definition 3: Klee, Rothko, and Kandinsky are three of my favorite abstract expressionist painters, each known for their characteristic styles.
Used as a verb in definition 1: Research studies usually result in so much technical, scientific or specialized information that it needs to be abstracted to a manageable amount of data that can be reported in a way that the average person can understand it.
Used as a verb indefinition 2: In the above example, abstractors would be the people to extrapolate, condense and abstract the results to the more manageable, understandable version.
Used as a noun in definition 1: The final version mentioned in the two sentences above would be called an abstract.
Used as the adjective form “abstracted” in definition 1: The professor is a brilliant chemist, but he is so abstracted that he’s usually wearing socks that don’t match.
3. imply:
DEFINITIONS AND PART OF SPEECH for imply:
imply: verb. 1. To say, write or communicate indirectly; to suggest without stating it. 2. To involve as a necessary part or consequence.
infinitive: to imply
VERB CONJUGATIONS for imply:
present tense: imply, implies, implying
past tense: implied
future tense: will imply, going imply, shall imply
SYNONYMS for imply:
hint, insinuate, suggest, intimate
ANTONYMS for imply:
infer, conclude, speculate, conjecture, surmise, suppose, deduce
Other forms and parts of speech in this word family:
implied: adjective. 1. Conveyed indirectly without words or expression. 2. Taken for granted.
implicit: adjective. 1. Understood without being directly expressed .
implicitly: adverb. 1. In an implied manner or way; indirectly. (implied and implicit are both adjectives and they have the same meaning.)
implicate: verb. 1. To show to be involved or connected with an activity, especially a crime.
NOTE: Implicate is a verb, with the infinitive “to implicate,” therefore it can be conjugated like any other verb: implicate, implicates, implicating (present tense), implicated (past tense), will implicate, going to implicate, shall implicate (future tense.)
implication: noun. 1. Something implied; an indirect indication. 2. The act of implying or the condition of being implied. 3. The act of implicating. 4. A subtle quality underlying or felt to underlie a situation, action or person; a suspicion or inkling.
SYNONYMS for implied and implicit:
tacit, unsaid, unspoken, understood, intimated, suggested
ANTONYMS for implied and implicit:
explicit, expressed, unambiguous, unequivocal, clear, definite, stated
SYNONYMS for implicate:
involve, incriminate, entangle, embroil, inculpate, indict
ANTONYMS for implicate:
exculpate, absolve, exonerate, vindicate,
SYNONYMS for implication:
Used as a noun in definition 1: innuendo, hint, undertone,
Used as a noun in definition 4: suspicion, intuition, inkling
SAMPLE SENTENCES:
Used as a verb in definition 1: Authors don’t always reveal everything in their writing and often imply clues that a reader needs to find, think about, combine with prior knowledge and then infer what the author didn’t write but is trying to say.
Another exampleas a verb in definition 1: Every time you look at your watch and yawn, you imply that you are bored with my company and want me to leave.
Used as a verb in definition 2: The brothers made a pact to always stick together and if anything ever happened, they would never fail to imply each other regardless of the situation.
Used as the noun “implication” in definition 1: I really don’t appreciate the implications of your eye-rolling, sighing and muttering under your breath.
Used as the noun “implication” in definition 4: The detective felt an implication that the suspect in custody was responsible for many more crimes.
Used as the verb “implicate”: Evidence suggests that the suspect is incriminated in as many as 25 robberies.
4. relevant:
DEFINITIONS AND PART OF SPEECH for relevant:
relevant: adjective. 1. Related to the matter at hand. 2. Having significance and demonstrable bearing on the subject or issue. 3. Affording evidence that proves or disproves the matter under discussion. 4. Having social relevance; of importance to the people of a society.
SYNONYMS for relevant:
pertinent, material, germane, apposite, applicable
ANTONYMS for relevant:
irrelevant, immaterial, impertinent, inapplicable, extraneous
Other forms and parts of speech in this word family:
relevance and relevancy: nouns (and synonyms). 1. Relation to the matter at hand. 2. Significance of bearing on the subject or issue. 3. Practical and especially social applicability. 4. The ability to retrieve material that satisfies the need of the user.
SYNONYMS for relevance and relevancy:
pertinence, pertinency, materiality, germaneness, appositeness, applicability, concernment
ANTONYMS for relevance and relevancy:
impertinence, impertinency, immateriality, inapplicability
relevantly: adverb. In a relevant way or manner.
SAMPLE SENTENCES:
Used as an adjective in definitions 1 and 2: If you are researching ways to deal with climate change, make sure you are using relevant effects in your proposal like rising sea levels, the extinction of species and the increased levels of radiation that penetrate our atmosphere.
Used as an adjective in definition 3: The defense attorney argued that the evidence should not be admitted into the trial because it is not relevant to the case in any way.
Used as the noun “relevance” in definition 3: The current political divisions in the U.S. and the conflicts between classes, races and religions makes protecting the civil rights of all people a critical matter of relevance
5. proficient:
DEFINITIONS AND PARTS OF SPEECH for proficient:
proficient: adjective. 1. Having the ability to perform or accomplish a task with advanced skills; competent. 2. Having advanced knowledge or ability resulting from extensive training or practice.
proficient: noun. 1. A person having the ability to perform or accomplish a task with advanced skills. 2. One who has advanced knowledge or ability as a result of extensive training or practice.
SYNONYMS for proficient as an adjective:
adept, masterful, expert, skillful, professional, competent, adroit
ANTONYMS for proficient as an adjective:
untrained, unschooled, amateur, bungling, inept, incompetent, unskilled, unqualified, unprofessional
SYNONYMS for proficient as a noun:
master, professional, expert, authority, wizard, ace
Other forms and parts of speech in this word family:
proficiently: adverb. 1. Performed with a high level of skill. 2. Accomplished through advanced knowledge or ability.
SYNONYMS for proficiently as an adverb:
adeptly, masterfully, expertly, skillfully, professionally, competently
ANTONYMS for proficiently as an adverb:
crudely, inadeptly, unmasterfully, unskillfully, unprofessionally, incompetently
proficiency: The ability to perform or accomplish a task with advanced skills. 2. The advanced knowledge or ability resulting from extensive training or practice.
SYNONYMS for proficiency as a noun:
expertise, command, mastery, expertness, craft, technique, competence, adeptness
ANTONYMS for proficiency as a noun:
ignorance, illiteracy, incompetence, retrogression
SAMPLE SENTENCES:
Used as an adjective: Mr. Nunziato was amazed at how quickly his students became proficient in using PowToons, We Video and Google Slides.
Used as the noun “proficient”: My father played golf for over 50 years, so it’s no wonder he was known as a proficient on the fairways.
Used as the noun “proficiency”: When it comes to sports, I have absolutely no proficiency and can claim no skills at all.
Another example using the noun “proficiency”: With a little effort in keeping up with your journal entries and a little studying, you will see your proficiency with word study and the quantity and quality of your vocabulary rise sky high!