EOCT Review – Colonization through War of 1812
Chapters 2-6 of US History Text

Define the following vocabulary:

  1. Southern Colonies: established primarily for economic reasons. Warm climate, long growing season, and fertile soil led to plantation economy. Crops of tobacco, indigo, and rice required labor of indentured servants and enslaved laborers (which was not as prevalent in north). Relations with Indians began peacefully but as more English arrived and took land, became hostile.
  2. New England Colonies:established first by Puritan families in Massachusetts to practice their religion freely. Did not tolerate other faiths. Colder climate and rocky soil did not promote farming. Instead, trade, ship building, and fishing formed the economic base. Indians left the area after bloody conflicts.
  3. Mid-Atlantic Colonies: established as money making ventures designed to make use of the good harbors and rivers systems to transport goods toward the coast. Primary products were agricultural but not of the scale of the plantation economy of the Southern colonies. Indians were relied upon for trade and were not the target for war. These colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse.
  4. Mercantilism:Economic theory that Earth has a limited supply of natural resource wealth (gold/silver). The strongest nations have the most wealth (The more country A has…the less other countries have). Colonies are a source of raw materials which helps the mother country’s wealth. Colonies also bought finished products from England.
  5. Middle Passage:middle portion of a three-way sea voyage that carried Africans to North American. Hundreds of slaves faced horrific conditions crowded into the cargo holds of ships. About 20% of the enslaved Africans did not survive the journey.
  6. Trans-Atlantic Trade: (Triangular Trade) – Three way sea voyage made by merchant ships. 1. English goods sailed to Africa to trade for slaves 2. Slaves transported to North America 3. Tobacco and raw materials from America sent to England
  7. African Population Cultural Contributions:music, dance, basket weaving, and pottery making. Brought skills from tribes
  8. Great Awakening:1730s and 1740s – encouraged a more personal approach to faith and scripture as a response to European movement toward logic and reasoning that challenged the influence of religion on society. Ministers traveled through colonies to bring more to Christianity. Not limited to only Puritan faith. New denominations formed.
  9. Salutary Neglect:1720s – American colonies had more freedom to trade and govern themselves without much English government oversight. Colonies had local colonial governors and legislators that levied their OWN taxes on their OWN people and held town meetings to make local decisions. Created and independent American identity. Led to later conflict with England when local control taken from colonies.
  10. French and Indian War:Began in 1754 between rival nations- France and Great Britain. Fought over land in what became Ohio and Pennsylvania. Indians supported the French due to trade relationships. Great Britain won w/ colonial help.
  11. Treaty of Paris 1763-Ended French & Indian War. France lost Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River to GB.
  12. Proclamation of 1763:GB law that forbid Americans from settling beyond the Appalachian Mtns in order to limit conflict with Indians and generate revenue for GB. Tension increased!!
  13. Stamp Act:Example of Parliament’s action to tax colonists. Colonists required to pay tax for special paper to print newspapers, legal docs, playing cards on. Sons of Liberty and Stamp Act Congress formed in response.
  14. Intolerable Acts:Example of Parliament’s action to tax colonists. This was a series of acts aimed at punishing colonists for Boston Tea Party. Included closing port of Boston, trial of British officials in England, house British troops, ended Mass. Legislature. Designed to keep colonists from resisting British authority, but instead unified colonists to work against British government.
  15. Sons of Liberty: secret organization of colonists opposed to

GB authority. Damaged British property and homes of British supporters in Mass. to show dislike of British rule.

  1. Daughters of Liberty: colonial women opposed to British rule. Used homespun fabric and other goods for their families in order to not rely on British imported goods.
  2. Committees of Correspondence:formed in reaction to Stamp Act. Purpose was to communicate between colonies about issues related to British actions/laws and help protests.
  3. Thomas Paine:Author of Common Sense as an argument against British rule.
  4. Common Sense:Pamphlet published in the colonies that drew many colonists to support independence. Paine’s logical arguments included 1) Distance across ocean prevented GB from governing effectively 2)foolish for an island to rule a continent 3) Britain as a “mother country” was bad as no mother would treat her children as badly as the colonies were treated.
  5. Declaration of Independence: addressed the entire world with simple and direct language so everyone in the world would sympathize with the colonists. Doc explains the philosophical and legal reasons for independence through examples of King George III’s violation of rights. Doc indicates ways colonies have tried to work out issues but unsuccessful so independence is the only solution.
  6. Committee of Five / Jefferson:Five delegates of Continental Congress chosen to write the rationale for independence. Jefferson wrote most of Dec. of Indep. Others included Ben Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Presented to Cont. Congress for review.
  7. French Alliance with Colonies:French supported colonies as a result of victory at Saratoga, Ben Franklin’s diplomatic efforts in France, and French rivalry with GB. Resulted in military assistance by Lafayette and French navy at Yorktown.
  8. George Washington (military leader):commander in chief of the Continental Army. Great leadership by reorganizing the army, securing equipment and supplies, intensive training program to create professional army from colonial volunteers.
  9. Baron von Steuben:Prussian military officer who helped GW with military training program and drills for colonial volunteers
  10. Marquis de LaFayette:French military officer who helped GW train colonial volunteers and fought in battles with Americans.
  11. Valley Forge:Difficult winter of 1777-1778 that challenged the Continental Army through starvation, disease, & lack of shelter
  12. Battle of Trenton:Rev. War battle- GW crossed the Delaware River in a surprise attack of Hessian forces Christmas night.
  13. Battle of Saratoga:Rev. War battle- Victory for colonists that convinced France to support the Americans in an alliance.
  14. Battle of Yorktown:Battle that ended Rev. War in American victory. French navy assisted and formed blockade, which forced GB General Cornwallis to surrender.
  15. Free Blacks During Revolution:enslaved and free blacks saw Rev. War as opportunity to expand their rights since war based on the idea of natural rights. Victory didn’t secure rights.
  16. Treaty of Paris 1783:Ended Rev. War. US gained independence, land east of the Mississippi River. GB gave Florida to Spain and other Caribbean colonies to France.
  17. Articles of Confederation:First Const. of the US written during the Revolution. FEDERAL Gov. had few powers. No executive, No judicial system, no power to tax, Congress existed but was limited. States had more power than federal govt. Led to increased conflict between states that federal govt was powerless to resolve.
  18. Land Ordinance of 1785:One of the few successes of the AofC. Created system for the Federal Govt to survey and sell new land acquired by the US.Some land had to go to schools.
  19. Northwest Ordinance of 1787:One of the few successes of the AofC. Settled land claims between new states and gave Federal govt right to administer new territories and decide based on population when they became states. Slavery banned in new territories and encouraged westward expansion
  20. Shays’ Rebellion: Demonstrated lack of national power under the AofC and the need for its revision or replacement. Shays led Mass. farmers facing debt to seize the arsenal in protest.
  21. Central Government:Federal government. Weak under the AofC but strengthened under the new US Constitution.
  22. Constitutional Convention:GW presided over Philadelphia meeting of state delegates to revise AofC. Instead- replaced!
  23. Federalists:delegates to Const. Conv. who wanted a strong federal govt – Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
  24. Anti-Federalists: delegates to Const. Conv. who wanted the individual states to maintain power so they would not lose control over individual interests. Small pop. states feared losing representation in national govt that favored large pop. states.
  25. Great Compromise:James Madison – created checks and balances among 3 branches of federal govt. and the leg. would have two houses (House and Senate) to deal with rep. concerns
  26. Limited Government:Provision of new govt that limited the powers of the new federal government to the powers it is given in the Constitution.
  27. Three-Fifths Compromise: Provision in the new Const. for counting slaves in the population for determining representation in the federal legislature. 5 slaves count as 3 for representation calculations. Satisfied Southern delegates who feared losing power in the federal government.
  28. The Federalist Papers:Persuasive essays that worked to persuade citizens to support ratification of the Constitution. Written largely by Alexander Hamilton & James Madison.
  29. Bill of Rights:James Madison’s addition to the US Constitution to satisfy the Anti-Federalists. The 10 amendments protected liberties of citizens from abuse of government power.
  30. Presidency of George Washington: set precedents (patterns for future Presidents to follow) including: establishing cabinet, limit of two terms in office, establishing const. authority to enforce laws. Challenged during presidency by debts from Revolution, Whiskey Rebellion, and establishing authority. Farewell Address warned against foreign alliances and political parties.
  31. Presidency of John Adams:bitter election with Thomas Jefferson who became his VP due to the election process at the time. Jefferson also belonged to a different political party. Plagued by conflict with France and GB that hurt the economy and criticism from his own VP Jefferson.
  32. Alien and Sedition Acts: Laws passed by Congress to help John Adams deal with harsh criticism by his VP Jefferson and the opposing political party. Laws made it a crime to challenge laws or interfere with the business of government. Crime to write, publish, or speak out against govt. Jefferson and Madison challenged whether the states had to enforce these federal laws they deemed unfair.
  33. Election of 1800: John Adams lost to Thomas Jefferson, who was a Democratic-Republican and had challenged Adams’ policies- especially the Alien and Sedition Acts.
  34. Louisiana Territory/Purchase:Pres. Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to buy the important port city of New Orleans. Napoleon agreed to sell the ENTIRE Louisiana territory to the US for $15 million. US doubled its geographic area. Const. did not give President authority to buy the land, however Jefferson believed the land was too important and set the precedent of taking action not specifically listed in Const.
  35. James Madison Presidency:Continued Presidential control by Democratic-Republicans. Presidency focused on foreign affairs- War of 1812 and formation of strong American identity.
  36. War of 1812: War between US and GB. The European countries GB and France had been at war since 1789 and US often was caught between them. Their Naval forces seized American ships and crews. Previous presidents had tried to negotiate and place embargos that were unsuccessful in protecting American interests. US won and the war stimulated economic growth and established a national identity for the US as a nation that was now viewed as militarily and economically strong.
  37. Monroe Doctrine:In 1823, President James Monroe warned the nations of Europe not to interfere in the politics of North and South America. Stated that US would remain neutral in wars between European nations. Defined US foreign policy.