Data Manipulation Part 1

Data Manipulation – Part 1

Computer Architecture

•Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor

–______

•Performs operations on data such as addition and subtraction

•

–______

•Coordinating the CPU’s activities

•Holds input and results (output) for the ALU

•

–______

•Temporary storage for the CPU

–General registers

–Special purpose registers

Computer Architecture

•Bus

–Used to______between the CPU and RAM (main memory)

Computer Architecture

•Task: Add two values stored in main memory (RAM)

–Data (two values) must be transferred______within the CPU

–ALU: Values are ______

–Result stored in ______(RAM)

Stored Program Concept

•Stored program concept: A program can be encoded as bit patterns and stored in main memory.

Machine instruction: An ______(or command) encoded as a bit pattern recognizable by the CPU

Machine language: The ______recognized by a machine (CPU)

Reduced Instruction Set Computing ______

______, and fast instructions

Examples: PowerPC from Apple/IBM/Motorola and SPARK from Sun Microsystems

Complex Instruction Set Computing ______

______instructions

Example: Pentium from Intel

Machine Instruction Types

–Data Transfer: ______from one location to another

–Arithmetic/Logic: Use existing bit patterns to ______a new bit patterns

–Control: ______the execution of the program

Adding values stored in memory

Main Memory

•256 cells: 00 through FF (Hex)

–0000 0000 through 1111 1111

•Storage: ______

CPU

•16 registers: 0 through F (Hex); ______

•Program counter: (Address of) Keeps track of the ______

•Instruction register: Contains the ______to be executed by the ALU.

Machine Language

•Each instruction involves two parts:

–Op-code: Specifies which ______

•LOAD, ADD, STORE, etc.

–Operand: Gives more detailed ______

•Interpretation of operand varies depending on op-code

The program is ______.

•Typically from permanent storage.

•Requires two memory cells per instruction:

–Instructions are ______; memory cells are ______

Program counter contains first instruction: A0

Data Manipulation – Part 2

Clock Speed: The Speed of the CPU

•Clock – Circuit (oscillator) which ______.

–Coordinates computers activities

–Faster the pulses, faster the computer (CPU) works

Clock speed measured in

•______- the number of millions of beats per second

•______- the number of billions of beats per second

Note:

•Clock speed alone is not relevant in comparing CPUs

•Other factors such as RISC or CISC architecture

•Benchmarking: Process of comparing different CPUs when ______.

Internal Cache

______ = memory inside the CPU chip which stores instructions and data which the CPU is currently working on or may soon need.

•The CPU must deliver its data at a very high speed.

•The regular RAM cannot keep up with that speed.

•Therefore, a special RAM type called cache is used as a buffer - temporary storage.

•L1 Cache – Same chip as CPU (fastest)

•L2 Cache – Separate chip

Overview of Computer Hardware

Booting up the computer

Booting the computer = starting the computer

Four phase of the boot process: S.P.I.T.

1. System Start-up

2. Power On Self-Test (POST)

3. Initialization

4. Transfer to the operating system software

1. System Start-up

•______the computer

•Power supply supplies electricity to the computer

•The ROM chip boot instructions (firmware) is now “in charge”

•ROM chip instructions processed by the CPU

2. Power On Self-Test

The ______chip boot instructions tests the “processor” including:

•checks the CPU

•tests RAM memory and calculates it’s capacity

•checks other components on the motherboard

3. Initialization

The ROM chip boot instructions checks the ______including:

Input devices

Output devices

Storage devices

4. Transfer to an operating system software

•The ROM chip boot instructions are now finished

•The ROM chip wants to give control over to an______

•The ROM chip searches for the operating system (usually on the hard disk drive) and transfers an operating system file (the kernel) into ______memory

Booted up

The operating system software is now in charge!

•The operating system file, known as the ______, is in RAM memory

•The user may now access application programs and data (double click on MS Word)

•The operating system software is in charge

Storage Devices

Permanent Storage

•What is in charge of permanent storage devices?

•The ______

Sequential Access = In order to access specific information, the device must sequentially pass through all preceding information

•9 Track Tape (Reel to Reel)

•Cartridge Tapes

Recording information

•Bits are recorded as positive and negative polarity on magnetic tape (“magnetic media”)

Advantages

•inexpensive

•durable

•portable

Disadvantages

•slow access rate

Primary Use

______

Direct Access Devices

Direct Access = The specific information is accessed directly

Examples

•floppy disk drives

•hard disk drives

•cartridge disk drives

•CD ROM and DVD drives

Floppy Disk = iron oxide coating on a portable mylar plastic disk

Magnetic Media is sensitive to:

•______

•touch, smoke, dirt

•folding, bending, pressure

Hard Disk Drives

Hard Disk = Iron oxide coating on one or more rigid aluminum disks called platters

How data is stored on disks

______= a series of concentric ______on the disk

•A track is divided into several sectors

(track) sector =a section of a track which stores a predetermined number of bytes (bits)

How data is stored on disks

Several sectors are combined to create clusters or blocks

______(Windows and Macs) or block(UNIX) = The ______which is allocated on the disk each time a file needs space on the disk.

Windows 95 (later versions) and Windows 98 using FAT32

1 cluster = 8 sectors (4K bytes)
Recognizes disk drives up to 2 terabytes (2 trillion bytes)

How data is stored on disks

FAT (File Allocation Table) and Directory = A file, a table, which is found on one of the first sectors of every diskette and hard disk drive (created when the disk is formatted), and contains information regarding every file stored on that disk including the file name, the date and time that file was created or modified, the size of the file, and which sectors are allocated for that file.

Read/Write Heads = Part of disk drive which skims the disk (ten millionths of an inch) in order to retrieve or store information.

Disk ______or Head Crash = When the R/W head touches the disk.

Formatting a disk

What does formatting a disk do?

1. ______all of the information on the disk

2. ______disk to be used by the ______.

•divides tracks into sectors

•determines cluster size

•creates a file allocation table (FAT) or similar table on other operating systems

3. Optional: Copies operating system files to this disk in order to make this a “boot disk”

Optical Disks - CD ROMs

Capacity

•currently = 650 MB

Flash Drives