DaimlerChrysler Construction Standards

12/17/04

SECTION 02300 - EARTHWORK

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1  SUMMARY

  1. This Section includes the following:
  2. Preparing subgrades for slabs-on-grade, and pavements, lawns, and plantings.
  3. Excavating and backfilling for buildings and structures.
  4. Removal of existing improvements to accommodate new construction.
  5. Drainage course for slabs-on-grade.
  6. Subbase course for concrete walks and pavements.
  7. Subsurface drainage backfill for walls and trenches.
  8. Excavating and backfilling trenches within building lines.
  9. Excavating and backfilling trenches for buried mechanical and electrical utilities and pits for buried utility structures.
  10. Unused excavated material shall be stored (stockpiled) on-site in an area designated by the Owner. The material shall be graded level upon completion of work and shall be satisfactory to the Owner.
  11. Topsoil and soil amendments.
  12. Lawns

1.2  DEFINITIONS

  1. Backfill: Materials used to fill an excavation.
  2. Initial Backfill: Backfill placed beside and over pipe in a trench, including haunches to support sides of pipe.
  3. Final Backfill: Backfill placed over initial backfill to fill a trench.
  4. Base Course: Layer placed between the subbase course and asphalt or concrete paving.
  5. Bedding Course: Layer placed over the excavated subgrade in a trench before laying pipe.
  6. Borrow: Satisfactory soil imported from off-site for use as fill or backfill.
  7. Drainage Course: Layer supporting slab-on-grade used to minimize capillary flow of pore water.
  8. Excavation: Removal of material encountered above subgrade elevations.
  9. Additional Excavation: Excavation below subgrade elevations as directed by Architect/Engineer. Additional excavation and replacement material will be paid for according to Contract provisions for changes in the Work.
  10. Bulk Excavation: Excavations more than 10 feet in width and pits more than 30feet in either length or width.
  11. Unauthorized Excavation: Excavation below subgrade elevations or beyond indicated dimensions without direction by Architect/Engineer. Unauthorized excavation, as well as remedial work directed by Architect/Engineer, shall be without additional compensation.
  12. Fill: Soil materials used to raise existing grades.
  13. Rock: Rock material in beds, ledges, unstratified masses, and conglomerate deposits and boulders of rock material 3/4 cu. yd. or more in volume that when tested by an independent geotechnical testing agency, according to ASTMD1586, exceeds a standard penetration resistance of 100 blows/2 inches.
  14. Structures: Buildings, footings, foundations, retaining walls, slabs, tanks, curbs, mechanical and electrical appurtenances, or other man-made stationary features constructed above or below the ground surface.
  15. Subbase Course: Layer placed between the subgrade and base course for asphalt paving, or layer placed between the subgrade and a concrete pavement or walk.
  16. Subgrade: Surface or elevation remaining after completing excavation, or top surface of a fill or backfill immediately below subbase, drainage fill, or topsoil materials.
  17. Utilities include on-site underground pipes, conduits, ducts, and cables, as well as underground services within buildings.

1.3  QUALITY ASSURANCE

  1. Perform earthwork complying with requirements of authorities having jurisdiction for erosion control and other applicable requirements.
  2. Testing and Inspection Service: Employ a qualified independent geotechnical engineering testing agency to classify proposed on-site and borrow soils to verify that soils comply with specified requirements and to perform required field and laboratory testing.
  3. Topsoil Analysis: Furnish a soil analysis made by a qualified independent soil-testing agency stating percentages of organic matter, inorganic matter (silt, clay, and sand), deleterious material, pH, and mineral and plant-nutrient content of topsoil.

1.4  PROJECT CONDITIONS

  1. Existing Utilities: Do not interrupt utilities serving facilities occupied by Owner or others unless permitted in writing by Architect/Engineer and then only after arranging to provide temporary utility services according to requirements indicated:
  2. Notify Architect/Engineer not less than two days in advance of proposed utility interruptions.
  3. Do not proceed with utility interruptions without Architect/Engineer’s written permission.
  4. Contact utility-locator service for area where Project is located before excavating.
  5. Utilities: Determine location of above grade and underground utilities and perform work in a manner which will avoid damage. Hand excavate, as required. Maintain grade stakes until removal is mutually agreed upon by parties concerned.
  6. Excavation: When conditions detrimental to plant growth are encountered, such as rubble fill, adverse drainage conditions, or obstructions, notify Architect/Engineer before planting.
  7. Unless potentially contaminated or potential contamination source material is identified, demolish and completely remove from site existing underground utilities indicated to be removed. If potentially contaminated or potential contamination source material is identified, the Owner's Representative shall be notified immediately and work shall be conducted to minimize cross contamination. Coordinate with utility companies to shut off services if lines are active.

1.5  DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

  1. Packaged Materials: Deliver packaged materials in containers showing weight, analysis, and name of manufacturer. Protect materials from deterioration during delivery and while stored at site.
  2. Seed: Deliver seed in original sealed, labeled, and undamaged containers.
  3. Sod: Harvest, deliver, store, and handle sod according to the requirements of the American Sod Producers Association's (ASPA) "Specifications for Turfgrass Sod Materials and Transplanting/Installing."

1.6  LAWN MAINTENANCE

  1. Begin maintenance of lawns immediately after each area is planted and continue until acceptable lawn is established, but for not less than the following periods:
  2. Seeded Lawns: 60 days after date of Substantial Completion.
  3. When full maintenance period has not elapsed before end of planting season, or if lawn is not fully established at that time, continue maintenance during next planting season.
  4. Sodded Lawns: 30 days after date of Substantial Completion.
  5. Maintain and establish lawns by watering, fertilizing, weeding, mowing, trimming, replanting, and other operations. Roll, regrade, and replant bare or eroded areas and remulch to produce a uniformly smooth lawn.
  6. Watering: Provide and maintain temporary piping, hoses, and lawn-watering equipment to convey water from sources and to keep lawns uniformly moist to a depth of 4 inches.
  7. Water lawn at the minimum rate of 1 inch per week.
  8. Mow lawns as soon as there is enough top growth to cut with mower set at specified height for principal species planted. Repeat mowing as required to maintain specified height without cutting more than 40 percent of the grass height. Remove no more than 40 percent of grass-leaf growth in initial or subsequent mowings. Do not delay mowing until grass blades bend over and become matted. Do not mow when grass is wet.
  9. Postfertilization: Apply fertilizer to lawn after first mowing and when grass is dry.
  10. Use fertilizer that will provide actual nitrogen of at least 1 lb per 1000 sq. ft. of lawn area.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1  SOIL MATERIALS

  1. General: Provide borrow soil materials from Owner approved off-site sources when sufficient satisfactory soil materials are not available from onsite excavations.
  2. The Contractor shall identify borrow sources and provide the Testing Laboratory a minimum of 30 days notice prior to needing the material on-site and will provide access to the source for the Testing Laboratory to sample and analyze the material, to allow for sampling and analysis.
  3. Off-Site Soil Materials: Off-site sources shall provide sampling, analysis and certification of soil materials intended to be brought onto DaimlerChrysler sites, as not containing hazardous substances.
  4. Michigan: Comply with Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Generic Residential and Commercial I Part 201 Cleanup Criteria. Typically test for TCL volatile organics by EPA method 5030B/5035/8260B, TCL semi-volatile organics by 8270C, TCL PCBs by 8082, and 10 Michigan Metals (total) by 6/7000 series.
  5. On-Site Soil Materials: Sample and analyze by a Testing Laboratory to determine the presence of hazardous substances or petroleum.
  6. Potential Sources: On-site material identified as free product, liquid hazardous substances, or petroleum, or vessels or containers holding hazardous substances or petroleum in a media including buried utilities, tanks, free phase liquids in soil and ground water, etc. or as directed by the Owner’s Representative.
  7. Satisfactory Soils: ASTMD2487 soil classification groups GW, GP, GM, SW, SP, and SM, or a combination of these group symbols; free of rock or gravel larger than 3inches in any dimension, debris, waste, frozen materials, vegetation, and other deleterious matter.
  8. Unsatisfactory Soils: ASTMD2487 soil classification groups GC, SC, ML, MH, CL, CH, OL, OH, and PT, or a combination of these group symbols.
  9. Unsatisfactory soils also include satisfactory soils not maintained within 2percent of optimum moisture content at time of compaction.
  10. Unsatisfactory soils also include potentially contaminated soils unless otherwise approved by the Testing Laboratory.
  11. Base: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed stone, and natural or crushed sand; ASTMD2940; with at least 95 percent passing a 1-1/2-inch sieve and not more than 8 percent passing a No.200 sieve or in accordance with requirements for aggregate base of the referenced highway department.
  12. Engineered Fill: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural crushed stone produced by crushing, washing and screening high calcium or dolomitic limestone or similar sedimentary rock
  13. Provide gradation as follows (such as MDOT 21AA) or similar locally available aggregate acceptable to the Owner.

U.S. Sieve / 1 1/2" / 1" / 3/4" / 1/2" / 3/8" / #4 / #8 / LBW
Percent Passing / 100 / 90-100 / - / 65-85 / - / 30-50 / 4-8 / 25% min
  1. Bedding: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed stone, and natural or crushed sand; conforming to ASTM D448, size No. 67.
  2. Drainage Fill: Washed, narrowly graded mixture of crushed stone, or crushed or uncrushed gravel; ASTMD448; coarse-aggregate grading Size57; with 100 percent passing a 1-1/2- inch sieve and 0 to 5 percent passing a No.8 sieve.
  3. Filter Material: Narrowly graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, or crushed stone and natural sand; ASTMD448; coarse-aggregate grading Size67; with 100 percent passing a 1-inch sieve and 0 to 5 percent passing a No.4 sieve.
  4. Impervious Fill: Clayey gravel and sand mixture capable of compacting to a dense state.
  5. Float Stone Natural Gravel: Natural river washed aggregate having, typical gradation as follows:

U.S. Sieve / 1 1/2" / 1" / 3/4" / 1/2" / 3/8" / #4 / LBW
Percent Passing / 100 / 90-100 / - / 30-70 / - / 0-12 / 3.0 max
(Typical particle size distribution only - not to be considered as a product specification)

2.2  ACCESSORIES

  1. Detectable Warning Tape: Acid- and alkali-resistant polyethylene film warning tape manufactured for marking and identifying underground utilities, minimum 6 inches wide and 4 mils thick, continuously inscribed with a description of utility, with metallic core encased in a protective jacket for corrosion protection, detectable by metal detector when tape is buried up to 30 inches deep; colored as follows:
  2. Yellow: Gas, oil, steam, and dangerous materials.
  3. Orange: Telephone and other communications.
  4. Blue: Potable water systems.

2.3  GRASS MATERIALS

  1. Grass Seed: Fresh, clean, dry, new-crop seed complying with the Association of Official Seed Analysts' "Rules for Testing Seeds" for purity and germination tolerances.
  2. Seed Mixture: Provide seed of grass species and varieties, proportions by weight, and minimum percentages of purity, germination, and maximum percentage of weed seed as follows.

Proportion / Name / Min. Pct. Germ. / Min. Pct. Pure Sd. / Max. Pct. Weed Sd.
30 pct. / Kentucky bluegrass / 80 / 97 / 0.50
(Poa pratensis)
60 pct. / Chewings red fescue / 80 / 97 / 0.50
(Festucarubravariety)
10 pct. / Perennial rye grass / 90 / 97 / 0.50
(Lolium perenne)
  1. Sod: Certified turfgrass sod complying with ASPA specifications for machine-cut thickness, size, strength, moisture content, and mowed height, and free of weeds and undesirable native grasses. Provide viable sod of uniform density, color, and texture of the following turfgrass species, strongly rooted, and capable of vigorous growth and development when planted.
  2. Species: Provide sod of grass species and varieties, proportions by weight, and minimum percentages of purity, germination, and maximum percentage of weed seed as indicated on Schedules at the end of this Section.

2.4  TOPSOIL

  1. Topsoil: ASTMD5268, pH range of 5.5 to 7, 4 percent organic material minimum, free of stones 1 inch or larger in any dimension, and other extraneous materials harmful to plant growth.
  2. Topsoil Source: Reuse surface soil stockpiled on the site. Verify suitability of surface soil to produce topsoil meeting requirements and amend when necessary. Supplement with imported topsoil when quantities are insufficient. Clean topsoil of roots, plants, sods, stones, clay lumps, and other extraneous materials harmful to plant growth.

2.5  SOIL AMENDMENTS

  1. Lime: ASTMC602, ClassT, agricultural limestone containing a minimum 80 percent calcium carbonate equivalent, with a minimum 99 percent passing a No.8 sieve and a minimum 75 percent passing a No.60 sieve.
  2. Provide lime in the form of dolomitic limestone.
  3. Aluminum Sulfate: Commercial grade, unadulterated.
  4. Sand: Clean, washed, natural or manufactured sand, free of toxic materials.
  5. Perlite: Horticultural perlite, soil amendment grade.
  6. Water: Potable.

2.6  FERTILIZER

  1. Bonemeal: Commercial, raw, finely ground; minimum of 4 percent nitrogen and 20 percent phosphoric acid.
  2. Superphosphate: Commercial, phosphate mixture, soluble; minimum of 20 percent available phosphoric acid.
  3. Commercial Fertilizer: Commercial-grade complete fertilizer of neutral character, consisting of fast- and slow-release nitrogen, 50 percent derived from natural organic sources of urea-form, phosphorous, and potassium in the following composition:
  4. Composition: Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in amounts recommended in soil reports from a qualified soil-testing agency.
  5. Slow-Release Fertilizer: Granular fertilizer consisting of 50 percent water-insoluble nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the following composition:
  6. Composition: Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in amounts recommended in soil reports from a qualified soil-testing agency.

2.7  EROSION-CONTROL MATERIALS

  1. Blankets: Biodegradable wood excelsior, straw, or coconut-fiber mat enclosed in a photodegradable plastic mesh. Include manufacturer's recommended steel wire staples, 6 inches long.
  2. Fiber Mesh: Biodegradable twisted jute or spun-coir mesh, 0.92 lb per sq. yd. minimum, with 50 to 65 percent open area. Include manufacturer's recommended steel wire staples, 6 inches long.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1  PREPARATION

  1. Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from damage caused by settlement, lateral movement, undermining, washout, and other hazards created by earthwork operations.
  2. Protect subgrades and foundation soils against freezing temperatures or frost. Provide protective insulating materials as necessary.
  3. Provide erosion-control measures to prevent erosion or displacement of soils and discharge of soil-bearing water runoff or airborne dust to adjacent properties, walkways, and streams in accordance with the Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan.

3.2  DEWATERING