Richard D. Lennox
CURRICULUM VITAE: Richard D. Lennox, Ph.D.
PERSONAL DATA
Home Phone (919) 933-0797 Work Phone (919) 942-0448, Cell (919) 619-5119 Home Address 2404 Western Park Lane, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY
Ph.D.Texas Tech University, August 23, 1985, Major: Experimental Social Psychology.
M.A.State University of New York, College at Geneseo, May 14, 1983, Major: General Experimental Psychology.
B.A.State University of New York, College at Geneseo, May 19, 1979, Major: Economics, Minor: Applied Statistical Programming.
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
CurrentChief Scientist, Psychometric Technologies, Hillsborough
Positions:North Carolina
Senior Scientist, Chestnut Global Partners, Bloomington, Illinois
1997-2001President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Scientist,
Piedmont Research Institute, Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina
1996-1997Senior Research Psychologist, Chestnut Health Systems, Bloomington, Illinois
1995-1996Director, Applied Psychometrics Lab, Psychologist-Statistician, Research Triangle Institute, North Carolina.
1991-1995Senior Scientist, Pacific Institute For Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
1990-1991Research Associate and Statistician, Multipurpose Arthritis Center, Numerical Sciences Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
1989-1990Adjunct Assistant Professor, Thurstone Psychometrics Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
1987-1990Statistician, Institute for Research in Social Science, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
1985-1986Instructor, Applied Statistical Programming, State University of
New York, College at Geneseo, Geneseo, NY
1971-1975U.S. Army
GRANT ACTIVITY
2002:Impact of the 9/11 Events on Flight Attendant Well-being (National Institute on Drug Abuse, Senior Psychologist and Statistician) Examined the apparent effects of the terrorist attacked the self-reported well-being about members of the flight attendant union. Lead an analysis of the impact of 9/11 on Work Related Stress, Depression and Companionship. The results suggested that the attacks lead to increase work stress and depression and the companionship among flight attendants.
1991-1994: Drug Abuse Treatment and Health Care Costs (National Institute on Drug Abuse, Principal Investigator) Compared the total health care costs for six one-year segments starting three before treatment and ending three years after treatment. Results showed evidence of increasing costs prior to entering drug treatment and decreasing costs immediately following the beginning of treatment. Costs eventually converged with non-drug abusing counterparts three years after entering treatment.
1994-: Health Care Costs Associated with Patient-treatment Matching for Alcoholism Treatment (National Institute on Alcoholism andAlcohol Abuse, Co-Principal Investigator). Designed to assess the effectiveness of matching patient to treatment modality in reducing post-treatment health care utilization. The study extracted costs from insurance billing records of patient treatment in Providence, Rhode Island, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Data collection is ongoing.
1997-: Cost-Offsets Associated with the Managed Care of Alcoholism Treatment (National Institute on Alcoholism andAlcohol Abuse, Principal Investigator). Designed to test the reductions in total health care costs expected for worksites in the large Midwestern manufacturing firms whose alcoholism treatment is being managed in a behavioral health care carve out. The study is comparing the health care costs of patients treated under the carve-out program with other HMO and Indemnity programs.
PHARMACEUTICAL VALIDATION PROJECTS
As the Chief-Scientist of Piedmont Research Institute, Dr. Lennox has lead validation efforts for several large multinational pharmaceutical companies. Below is a list of the some of these companies and brief summary of some of the projects.
- Bristol-Meyers Squibb
- Pharmacia
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Parke Davis
- Aventis
- Pfizer
- Janssen
- BioChem Pharma
- AstraZeneca
- Wyeth-Ayerst
- Eli Lilly
Development of a Nocturia-Specific Quality-of-life Scale. Conducted a series of studies tocreate multidimensional quality-of-life measures for use in a clinical trial testing treatment. We used a series of focus groups to identify domains and candidate items. An expert panel and cognitive interviews were utilized to create the final item-set.
Evaluating Quality-of-life in HIV Patients During the HAARTEra. Conducted a study ofquality-of-life associated with change in treatment to the HAART regimens. The study used a combination of literature review and reanalysis of secondary analysis to examine changes associated with the HAART approaches.
Measuring Adherence in HIV patients. Conducted a review of the measurement approaches used to measure adherence in HIV patients. Attempted to identify a new direction that will create a more valid and reliable method than is currently being used. The literature reviews and data analysis created a basis for input to a series of focus groups currently looking at the adherence measurement problems associated with a low literacy population.
Validation of the Psychological General Well-Being Scale. Conducted a series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and two-parameter Item Response models to confirm the factor structure of the PGWB in a general population. The results indicated that instead of the six factors implied by the scoring algorithm, the PGWB appears to consist of only a single factor. We constructed a shorter version of the scale based on this factor structure.
Validation of a Patient-Reported Measure of Sensory Perceptions Associated with the Use of Nasal Sprays. Conducted a cognitive study of the validity of the self-reported measures in response to FDA criticism that the measures had not been previously validated. We conducted an express validation of construct validity, content validity, and test-retest reliability using cognitive interviews and a web-based test-retest design. The final reports were delivered for submission to the FDA in under 30 days from the contract signing.
Incorporating Reliability, Discriminability and Location into Selecting Single Item Measure of Pain for Fibromyalgia Research. Developed a statistical model for differentiating pain items based on their random measurement error, their ability to discriminate across the level of latent pain variables, and their sensitivity to different segments of the overall pain continuum. The procedures used Factor Analysis and Item Response Models to estimate validity coefficients that allows researchers to optimize item selection.
A Statistical Measurement Model of a Three-Dimensional Definition of Fibromyalgia. Conducted a series of factor analytic studies to test a three-dimensional structure of Fibromyalgia that included pain, sleep disturbance, and fatigue. The results showed support for the model by showing that an appreciable number of patients had all three of these symptoms. Second-Order Factor analysis confirmed the three-dimensional structure.
Psychometric characteristics of the DLQI in two Samples of Urticaria Patients. Conducted a secondary analysis of the DLQI in clinician trials of a medication for use with urticaria patients. Responding to a FDA criticism that the DLQI has not been validated for use with this population, we conducted a series of Factor Analyzed, Structural Equation Models, and two-parameter Item-Response models to show that the measures can be used in these populations.
Development of a Social Integration Survey for use with Schizophrenia Patients. Conducted aseries of focus groups and cognitive interviews to construct a multidimensional measure of social integration that was designed to capture the difficulties these patients had with dealing with other people. The measure was delivered for possible inclusion in future clinical trials validation efforts.
Stratification of Flare Intensity For Identification of Placebo Responders in a Symptom-Modifying Trial of Patients with Osteoarthritis. This study created a latent-variable approach that captures the continuum of flare rather than relying on the discrete measures of the simple absence or presence of symptoms. The latent variable model was able to uncover a pronounced placebo effect that was not seen with the original scoring system.
The Economic Impact of Adjunctive Lamotrigine Therapy in Epilepsy Patients. Conducted an efficacy analysis of an open-label trial to tests the impact of the Lamotrigine theory on economic variables. Used the rank sum test to cope with an extreme amount of skewness in the data and showed differences between this approach and traditional tests of mean differences.
Reliability, Validity and Responsiveness of a Revised Scoring System for the Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. Developed and validated alternative scoring system for the LSSS that took into consideration the unidimensional factor structure of the scale. The new algorithm was validated for structural validity and known-groups validity.
Validation of the IBSQOL. Conducted a series of validation analyses of the IBSQOL using Multiple Attribute Analysis. The studies were used to support FDA claims for Quality Of Life on Irritable Bowel Syndrome medication.
Power Analysis of Cancer Quality-of-Life Study. Conducted a power analysis of quality-of-life tests using the Bodily Pain Index and the Function Assessment of Cancer-Prostate Instrument. Designed an analysis of plan that took advantage of repeated quality-of-life measures to increase statistical power from a marginal .70 on one subscale of the FACT-P to .90 and greater for all scales in the study.
Power Analysis for Community-trial Study of Quality-of-Life In Treated Cancer Patients. Conducted a power analysis of quality-of-life tests using the Bodily Pain Index and the Function Assessment of Cancer-Prostate Instrument for use in a community trial of the quality-of-life implication of cancer therapy. Evaluated effect size, and designed an analysis for a mixed factorial design that modeled the post-treatment repeated measures as fallible indicators of improved quality-of-life. The design tested the quality-of-life hypotheses using the treatment group by repeated measures effect to attain maximum statistical power.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Dermatology-Specific Quality Of-Life Scale (DSQL). Tested the structural validity of a disease-specific measure of Quality-Of-Life in a sample of patients being treated for acne and a separate sample being treated for contact dermatitis. The study confirmed an expected factor structure as containing five correlated factors. Tests of invariance supported the structure across the two dermatologic diseases and found that the scale's structure was also invariance across treatment. The results also found support for the calculation of the sum of the subscale scores that could be used to measure general dermatology-specific Quality-Of-Life.
Structural Validation of the MOS HIV. Developed a multiple study report of the measurement properties of the MOS HIV based on psychometric analysis in a clinical trails design. Results provided some support for the stability of the scale, and some limited evidence of construct validity, but the results of the treatment related changes suggested some insensitivity in the measure to disease-specific clinical changes.
Linking Adverse Events to Scores on the MOS HIV. In an effort to test the utility of adverse events as a measure of Quality-Of-Life, we analyzed secondary data to determine the level and direction of correlations between scores on the MOS HIV and adverse events reported during treatment. The results showed although changes in MOS HIV scores were negatively correlated with adverse events, the correlations were not statistically significant. The results demonstrated the limits of adverse events as a measure of Quality-Of-Life in HIV+ patients
Cognitive Testing of the MOS HIV for suitability for use in Patients with Aids Dementia Complex. Conducted a qualitative analysis of the suitability of the MOS HIV for use in ADC patients. The results of cognitive testing suggested supported our suspicion that the self-reported instrument should be cautiously used in this population.
Construction and Cognitive Testing of an AIDS Caregiver Instrument. Constructed a beta version of an instrument designed to measure the economic burden of providing informal care for AIDS patients. Results of the cognitive testing provided with advanced notice of measurement problems before we moved the beta version to the large scale psychometric study.
Structural Validity of the Heartburn-Related Quality-of-life. Tested with structural validity of a disease-specific measure of heartburn-related Quality-Of-Life using confirmatory factor analysis. Results supported this aspect of the scale, showing the scale to possess internally consistent factors that correspond to those described in the theory, and which were themselves positively intercorrelated with one another. Correlations with clinical markers showed the disease-specific quality-of-life measure to be more sensitive than a global quality-of-life measure.
A Cross-National Study of the Psychometric Properties of the Migraine Specific Questionnaire (MSQ) and the SF36. Compared the factor structure of the MSQ across five translations using a multisample analysis of covariance structure paradigm. Results showed strong evidence of invariance across the translations. The factor structure was also invariant across pre-treatment and post-treatment stages, supporting the direct interpretation of mean differences in terms of treatment effectiveness.
PUBLICATIONS
Atkinson MJ & Lennox. (2006). Extending Basic Principles of Measurement Models to the Design and Validation of Patient Reported Outcomes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4: Manuscript #65.
Lennox, RD., & Cecchini, MA. (2008). The NARCONON drug education curriculum for high school students: a non-randomized, controlled prevention trial. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy (in press).
Titus, J., Dennis, ML., & Lennox, RD. (2008). Development and Validation of Brief Mental Health Scales for the GAIN-I, Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research (In press).
Dunlap, LJ., Zarkin, GA., Lennox, RD., & Bray, JW. (2006). Do treatment services for drug users in outpatient drug treatment programs affect employment and crime? Substance Use and Misuse.
Lennox, RD, Dennis, ML, Ives, M, & White, M (2006). The construct and predictive validity of different approaches to combining urine and self-reported drug use measures among adolescents in substance abuse treatment, American Journal on Addictions.
Lennox, RD., Dennis, ML., Scott, C,. & Funk, R. (2005) Combining Psychometric and Biometric Measures of Substance Abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
Shikiar, R., Harding, G. Leahy, M., & Lennox, RD. (2005) Minimal Important Difference (MID) of Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI): results for patients with chronic Idiopathic Urticaria, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 3 (36).
Lennox, RD, Gore, M., Jones, MKC, Pethick, N., & O’Dowd, L. Psychometric Validation of a Patient-Reported Sensory Perception and Preference Instrument: The Sensory Perceptions Questionnaire (SPQ; 2004), Advance in Therapy 3, 162-172..
Lennox, RD., & Leahy, M. (2004). Validation of the Dermatology Life Quality Index as an Outcome Measure for Urticaria-Related Quality of Life (2004). Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 93(2), 142-146.
Lennox, RD., & Mansfield, AJ. (2001). A Latent Variable Model of Evidence-Based Quality Improvement for Substance Abuse Treatment. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 28:2, 164-176.
Scott-Lennox, JA., Bryant-Comstock, L., Lennox, RD., & Baker, GA. (2001). Reliability, Validity and Responsiveness of a Revised Scoring System for the Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. Epilepsy Research. 44, 53-63.
Scott-Lennox, JA., McLaughlin-Miley, C., Lennox, RD., Bohlig, A., Cutler, B., Yan, C., & Jaffe, M. (2001), Stratification of Flare Intensity Identifies Placebo Responders in a Treatment Efficacy Trial of Patients with Osteoarthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 44:7, 1599-1607
.Scott-Lennox, Rose, R., Bohlig, A., & Lennox, R., (2000). The Impact of Family Status on Completion of Substance Abuse Treatment. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 27:4, 366-379 .
Lennox, R.D., Steele, P., Zarkin, G., & Bray, J. (1998). The Differential Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Dependence on Adverse Alcohol-Related Consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 211-220.
Dennis, M.L., Lennox, R.D., & Foss, M.A. (1997). Practical Power Analysis for Substance Abuse Research. In (K.J. Bryant, M. Windle, and S.G. West (Eds.). The Science of Prevention: Methodological Advances from Alcohol and Substance Abuse Research: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lennox, RD. (1997). Structural Validation of the DSQL: Confirmation of the Factor Structure and Justification of the Scoring Algorithm. In R. Rajagopolan, B. Sherertz, and R. Anderson (Eds.) Care Management of Skin Disease: Life Quality and Economic Impact. NY: Marcel-Dekker.
Lennox, R.D., Zarkin, G., & Bray, J. (1996). Latent Measurement Models of Alcohol-Related Constructs. Journal of Substance Abuse.
Lennox, R.D. (1995). Outcomes of Mental Health and Drug Abuse Treatment. The Journal of Mental Health Administration, 22:3, 212-213.
Bekhuis, T., Cook, H., Holt, K., Scott-Lennox, J., Lennox, R., Price, L., & Fryer, J. (1995). Ethnicity, Church Affiliation, and Beliefs about the Causal Agents of Health: A Comparative Study Employing Multivariate Analysis of Covariance. Health Education Research, 10:1, 73-82.
Lennox, R.D., Zarkin, G., & Bray, J. (1995). Improving Measurement Models of Alcohol-Related Constructs. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 1995 Supplement, 40A.
Scott-Lennox, J.A., & Lennox, R.D. (1995). Social Support and Depression Among Disabled Rural Adults. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Applications. Beverly Hills: Sage, 199-216.
Lennox, R. D., & Dennis, M. L. (1994). Measurement Error Issues in Substance Abuse Services Research: Lessons from Structural Equation Modeling and Psychometric Theory. Evaluation and Program Planning. 17:4, 399-407.
Delany, P. J., Fletcher, B. W., & Lennox, R. D (1994). Analyzing Shelter Organizations and the Services they Offer: Testing a Structural Model Using a Sample of Shelter Programs. Evaluation and Program Planning. 17:4, 391-398.
Thorenson, C. E., Hollis, J. F., Lennox, R. D., Martin, J. E., Powell, L. H., & Terborg, J. R. (1994). Cost Benefits and Effects of Behavioral Medicine Intervention, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 1994 Supplement, 34.
Lennox, R. D., Scott-Lennox, J. A., & Bohlig, E. M. (1993). The Cost of Depression-Complicated Alcoholism: Health Care Utilization and Treatment Effectiveness. The Journal of Mental Health Administration, 20:2, 138-152.
Holder, H. D., Lennox, R. D., & Blose, J. O. (1992). The Economic Benefits of Alcoholism Treatment: A Summary of Twenty Years of Research. Journal of Employee Assistance Research, 1:1, 63-82.
Lennox, R. D., Scott-Lennox, J. A., & Holder, H. D. (1992). Substance Abuse and Family Illness: Evidence from Health Care Utilization and Cost-Offset Research. The Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19:1, 83-95.