CS 695 Intro to Digital Libraries

Frank McCown

CS 695 – Intro to Digital Libraries

Assignment 1

September 20, 2004

Artist: DJ Shadow

Album: Endtroducing

XMLDublin Core Markup

Album Markup

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF PUBLIC "-//DUBLIN CORE//DCMES DTD 2002/07/31//EN"

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=" is necessary to declare that RDF is being used so that applications can recognize this is

xmlns:dc =" RDF/XML document.

<rdf:Description If a resource has at least one URI, the most appropriate one should be used.

rdf:about="">

<dc:title>Endtroducing…</dc:title>A name given to the resource.

<dc:creatorDJ Shadow</dc:creatorAn entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource.

<dc:subjectLP</dc:subjectA topic of the content of the resource.

<dc:subjectCD</dc:subject

<dc:subjectalbum</dc:subject

<dc:subjecthip-hop</dc:subject

<dc:subjectelectronica</dc:subject

<dc:subjectmusic</dc:subject

<dc:description>An account of the content of the resource.

DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…" is a compilation of 13 tracks that uses a variety of styles including hip-hop, electronica, and underground rap. DJ Shadow makes ample use of sampling from all kinds of sources. "Endtroducing…" was recorded at The Glue Factory in San Francisco, CA. 1. Best Foot Forward, 2. Building Steam with a Grain of Salt, 3. The Number Song, 4. Challenging, 5. What Does Your Soul Look Like, Pt. 4, 6. Untitled, 7. Stem/Long Stem, 8. Mutual Slump, 9. Organ Donor, 10.Why Hip Hop Sucks in '96, 11. Midnight in a Perfect World, 12. Napalm Brain/Scatter Brain, 13. What Does Your Soul Look Like, Pt. 1: Blue Sky Revisit

</dc:description>

<dc:publisherMo' Wax</dc:publisherAnentity responsible for making the resource available. (Label)

<dc:contributor>Storch,Jeremy</dc:contributor>An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. (Composers)

<dc:contributor>Davis, J.</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Baumann, Peter</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Franke, Christopher</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Froese, Edgar</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Campbell-Lyons, Patrick</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Spyropoulos, Alex</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Bjork</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Pohyda, Pokka</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Heath, Jimmy</dc:contributor>

<dc:date>1996-11-19</dc:date>A date of an event in the lifecycle of the resource. Recommended format: YYYY-MM-DD

<dc:typealbum</dc:typeThe nature or genre of the content of the resource.

<dc:format>LP</dc:format>The physical or digital manifestation of the resource.

<dc:format>CD</dc:format>

<dc:identifier124123</dc:identifierAn unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context. (Catalog number)

<dc:source</dc:sourceA Reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived.

<dc:language>en</dc:language>A language of the intellectual content of the resource.

<dc:relation29340</dc:relationA reference to a related resource. (Catalog number to 1998 Japanese release)

<dc:coverage63:27</dc:coverageThe extent or scope of the content of the resource. (Time coverage)

</rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>

Song Markup

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF PUBLIC "-//DUBLIN CORE//DCMES DTD 2002/07/31//EN"

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="

xmlns:dc ="

<rdf:Description rdf:about="">

<dc:title>Best Foot Forward</dc:title>

<dc:creatorDJ Shadow</dc:creator

<dc:subjectsong</dc:subject

<dc:subjecthip-hop</dc:subject

<dc:subjectelectronica</dc:subject

<dc:subjectmusic</dc:subject

<dc:description>First song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:publisherMo' Wax</dc:publisher

<dc:contributor</dc:contributor>

<dc:date>1996-11-19</dc:date>

<dc:typesong</dc:type

<dc:format>LP</dc:format>

<dc:format>CD</dc:format>

<dc:identifier124123:1</dc:identifiercatalog #:song #

<dc:source</dc:source

<dc:language>en</dc:language>

<dc:relation29340</dc:relation

<dc:coverage0:49</dc:coverage

</rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>

All other songs will use the same DC markup except the tags given below:

<dc:description>Second song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Building Steam with a Grain of Salt</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Storch, Jeremy</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:2</dc:identifier

dc:coverage6:41</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Third song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>The Number Song</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Davis, J.</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:3</dc:identifier

dc:coverage4:38</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Forth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Challenging</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Baumann, Peter</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Franke, Christopher</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Froese, Edgar</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:4</dc:identifier

dc:coverage7:51</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Fifth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>What Does Your Soul Look Like, Pt. 4</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Davis, J.</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:5</dc:identifier

dc:coverage5:08</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Sixth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Untitled</dc:title>

<dc:contributor</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:6</dc:identifier

dc:coverage0:24</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Seventh song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Stem/Long Stem</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Campbell-Lyons, Patrick</dc:contributor>

<dc:contributor>Spyropoulos, Alex</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:7</dc:identifier

dc:coverage9:22</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Eighth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Mutual Slump</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Bjork</dc:contributor>

dc:contributor>DJ Shadow</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:8</dc:identifier

dc:coverage4:03</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Ninth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Organ Donor</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Davis, J.</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:9</dc:identifier

dc:coverage1:57</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Tenth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Why Hip Hop Sucks in '96</dc:title>

<dc:contributor</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:10</dc:identifier

dc:coverage0:41</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Eleventh song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Midnight in a Perfect World</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Pohyda, Pokka</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:11</dc:identifier

dc:coverage5:02</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Twelfth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>Napalm Brain/Scatter Brain</dc:title>

<dc:contributor</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:12</dc:identifier

dc:coverage9:23</dc:coverage

<dc:description>Thirteenth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</dc:description>

<dc:title>What Does Your Soul Look Like, Pt. 1: Blue Sky Revisit</dc:title>

<dc:contributor>Heath, Jimmy</dc:contributor>

<dc:identifier124123:13</dc:identifier

dc:coverage7:28</dc:coverage

MARC21 Metadata Record

Album Markup

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<record xmlns=" xmlns:xsi="

xsi:schemaLocation="

<leader am 3u </leader> Fixed field of 24 charactersin fixed positions (00-23) that provides information for the processing of the record.

Position 6 = type of record (a = text)

Position 7 = bibliographic record (m = monograph)

Position 17 = encoding level (3 = abbreviated level)

Position 18 = descriptive catalog form (u = unknown)

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">DJ Shadow</subfield>

<subfield code="e">artist</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">720 ##$a (Added Entry--Uncontrolled Name/Name) with $e=composer

<subfield code="a">Storch,Jeremy </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Davis, J.</subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Baumann, Peter </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Franke, Christopher </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Froese, Edgar </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Campbell-Lyons, Patrick </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Spyropoulos, Alex </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Bjork </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Heath, Jimmy </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer</subfield>

</datafield>

</datafield>

</subfield>

</datafield>

</datafield>

</datafield>

</datafield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1="0" tag="775">Is a version of 29340.

</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="540">540 ##$a (Terms Governing Use and Reproduction Note)

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">LP</subfield<subfield code="a">CD</subfield<subfield code="a">album</subfield>

<subfield code="a">hip-hop</subfield<subfield code="a">electronica</subfield<subfield code="a">music</subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Endtroducing...</subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">album</subfield>

<subfield code="2">local</subfield>

</datafield>

</record>

Song Markup

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<record xmlns=" xmlns:xsi="

xsi:schemaLocation="

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720"<subfield code="a">DJ Shadow</subfield<subfield code="e">artist</subfield>

</datafield>

<subfield code="a">First song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

subfield code="a">electronica</subfield<subfield code="a">music</subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Best Foot Forwardsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1="7" tag="655"<subfield code="a">song</subfield<subfield code="2">local</subfield</datafield>

</record>

All other songs will use the same MARC markup except the tags given below:

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Second song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Building Steam with a Grain of Saltsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Storch,Jeremy </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Third song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">The Number Songsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Davis, J. </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Forth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Challengingsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Baumann, Peter </subfield>subfield code="a">Franke, Christopher </subfield>

<subfield code="a">Froese, Edgar </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>/datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Fifth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">What Does Your Soul Look Like, Pt. 4subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Davis, J. </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Sixth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Untitledsubfield</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Seventh song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Stem/Long Stemsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Campbell-Lyons, Patrick </subfield>subfield code="a">Spyropoulos, Alex </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Eighth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Mutual Slumpsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Bjork </subfield>subfield code="a">DJ Shadow </subfield>

<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

<subfield code="a">Ninth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Organ Donorsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Davis, J. </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Tenth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Why Hip Hop Sucks in '96subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Eleventh song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Midnight in a Perfect Worldsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Pohyda, Pokka </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Twelfth song on DJ Shadow's album "Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">Napalm Brain/Scatter Brainsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Pohyda, Pokka </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="520"<subfield code="a">Thirteenth song on DJ Shadow's album quot;Endtroducing…".</subfield>

</datafield>

<datafield ind2="0" ind1="0" tag="245"<subfield code="a">What Does Your Soul Look Like, Pt. 1: Blue Sky Revisitsubfield</datafield>

<datafield ind2=" " ind1=" " tag="720">subfield code="a">Heath, Jimmy </subfield<subfield code="e">composer </subfield</datafield>

Discussion

Development of DC Records

I found this site helpful for developing the Dublin Core XML document:

A description of the meaning of the DC elements were obtained from I also used some guidelines from when trying to decide what I should put into each DC field.

I initially wanted to see if anyone had posted on the Web an example of an LP that was put into DC format. After doing some research, I ran into the MusicBrainz Metadata Initiative. It was developed to create metadata related to digital audio and video tracks using RDF/XML. They have an example posted at The only parts of DC that are actually used are title and creator.

It wasn’t exactly helpful for this assignment, but I thought it was worth mentioning.

Development of MARC Records

The “MARC to Dublin Core Crosswalk” and “Dublin Core/MARC/GILS Crosswalk” resources were initially very unhelpful. Although they specified the specific MARC21 codes like “720 ##$a”, it wasn’t very helpful for a novice who didn’t know where the “720 ##$a” should be placed or what it referred to.

I found the examples posted on to give a little more insight. Carl Sandburg's example at least showed me the general structure of what a MARC XML file was supposed to look like. Unfortunately there was no indication of what the cryptic tags like <leader> and <controlfield> were used for.

What really helped me was finding a stylesheet at that converted a DC record into a MARC21 record using XSLT. This was useful for the initial construction of the record, although more work needed to be done on the resulting MARC record. The problem with converting DC to MARC21 is that DC is a simple data set, and MARC21 is a complex data set. Mapping simple to complex means a lot of holes will exist in the resulting complex data set. It is then necessary to fill-in the holes if a complete MARC21 record is desired. For example, the DC element Subject may be mapped to one of 6 MARC fields. It is not possible for XSLT to do the appropriate mapping.

Once the initial MARC record was created, I looked back at the “MARC to Dublin Core Crosswalk” and “Dublin Core/MARC/GILS Crosswalk” resources and started to make the connections between the cryptic codes and the resulting XML. I was able to then determine which fields needed a little modification (i.e., changing “author” to “artist”). Even more precision could be given to the MARC metadata than what is presented here.

Strengths and Weaknesses

The DC record is more general than the MARC record but clearly easier to read and create by hand. DC seemed like a good descriptive language for an album because most of the album fields clearly mapped into DC fields. There were some exceptions of course (artist would be a better term than creator), but in general it was a clear mapping, and almost anyone reading the DC record would be able to discern what the data meant. The MARC record is far less readable, but it does contain much more precise meaning. Although the DC record indicates Bjork is a contributor, it is not clear that she is actually the composer (as opposed to the backup singer or keyboardist). This meaning is clear from the MARC record.

Because humans don’t typically read or create DC or MARC records, the readability of each format shouldn’t be given too much weight when deciding which format should be used in a digital library. Typically a computer will be responsible for creating and manipulating the records, and since both are in XML format, the difference between the two is negligible. MARC becomes clearly more desirable as a format when the true meaning of all metadata is needed.