CP World History (Unit 9, #1) Name ______

Date ______Block ______

The Enlightenment

I. The Enlightenment

A. From 1650 to 1800, European philosophers began rethinking ______about government, religion, economics which led to an era known as the ______(also called the Age of ______)

1. The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called ______& they shared some basic beliefs

a. New ______could be discovered by using ______& reason

b. Everything could be explained by observing universal truths known as ______

c. A belief in ______, that the world can be improved, & that life should be ______

d. People are born with ______(personal freedoms that protect ______)

2. Why did the Enlightenment begin?

a. During the ______, people began to question medieval ideas, emphasize individual potential (humanism), & encourage ______

b. During the Age of ______, the discovery of new lands & ______led Europeans to search for other “new” things

c. During the ______, people began to question church teachings, freely explore new ideas, & ______other religions

d. During the Age of ______, powerful kings ______lavishly, fought expensive wars, & ruled without regard to their nation’s ______

e. During the ______, scholars applied ______, perfected the scientific method, & made new ______that shattered old ideas…This gave Enlightenment philosophes a ______to follow to make new theories about society

B. The most important Enlightenment ideas were those that challenged rule by ______& presented new theories about ______

1. One of the first political thinkers of the Enlightenment was ______

a. Hobbes was bothered by the English ______& chaos that plagued England after the ______of King Charles I

b. Hobbes believed that humans are naturally ______, ______, & hungry for ______; Hobbes argued that people need to be protected from ______

c. Hobbes supported rule b y ______; He used scientific reasoning to argue that only ______with absolute power could maintain ______in society

d. Hobbes believed in an idea called the ______: people give up power & ______to a king who provides law & order

2. English philosophe ______disagreed with the ideas of Thomas Hobbes

a. He was influenced by the Glorious Revolution when the ______was created to protect citizens’ rights

b. Locke believed that people are born with ______, including life, ______, property; Locke argued that kings could be ______if they violated peoples’ rights

c. Locke supported ______or constitutional ______

d. Locke believed that gov’t power came from the ______(approval of the people) & that kings should protect the ______of the people

3. The French philosophe ______was one of the most famous writers of the Enlightenment

a. Voltaire argued for the rights of freedom of ______; He criticized intolerance, prejudice, & oppression

b. Voltaire was ______twice in France for criticizing the gov’t but his letters to European monarchs helped introduce new reforms & ______

4. Baron de ______agreed with John Locke that government should protect individual liberties & that too much power led to ______

a. Montesquieu believed in ______: divide power among 3 branches of government:
______(makes laws), ______(carries out laws), ______(evaluates laws)

b. Montesquieu’s model of gov’t also included a system of ______in which each branch of gov’t could ______the power of the other ______

5. The Swiss philosophe ______believed in individual freedom

a. Rousseau believed that people are naturally ______, but power ______them; Free people form a social contract & gov’t based on the ______

b. Rousseau argued for a ______that is guided by the general will of the majority of citizens

6. Italian philosophe ______criticized abuses in the justice system

a. Beccaria was upset with the use of ______, corrupt judges, secret trials, & severe punishments for crimes

b. Beccaria argued that people accused of crimes should be given a ______and that capital punishment & torture should be ______

Closure Activity Analyze excerpts and match them to the correct Enlightenment thinker

Philosophe Guess / Reason / Philosophe Guess / Reason
1. / 6
2 / 7
3 / 8
4 / 9
5

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