Cover features and new Associate Editors of the Journal of Environmental Sciences
Qingcai (First name) Feng (Last name)1[S.L.1], Suqin Liu1, Zhengang Mao1, Jian Xu1, Zixuan Wang1, X. Chris Le2,*
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. E-mail: [S.L.2]
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
Received 06 January 2016
Rrevised 06 March 2016
Accepted 24 January 2007
Abstract:[d3]DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs)and photoproducts (6-4 PPs) induced by UV-B radiation in Arabidopsis thaliana[d4] at different temperatures was investigated usingthe technologies with specific monoclonal antibodies. CPDs and 6-4 PPs increased during 3 hr[s5] UV-B exposure, but further exposure led to decreases. Contrary to the commonly accepted view that DNA damage induced by UV-B radiation is temperature-independent because of its photochemical nature, we found UV-B-induction of CPDs and 6-4 PPs in Arabidopsis to be slower at a low than at a high temperature. Photorepair of CPDs at 24℃was much faster than that at 0 and 12℃[s6], with 40%-50%[s7] CPDs removal during 1 hr exposure to white light. Photorepair of 6-4 PPs at 12℃ was very slow as compared with that at 24℃, and almost no removal of 6-4 PPs was detected after 4 hr exposure to white light at 0℃. There was evidence to suggest that temperature-dependent DNA damage and photorepair could have important ecological implications.
Keywords:
Bisphenol A (BPA)
Estrogen receptors
Endocrine disruptors
Developmental effect
Immune effects
Cytokines
Asthma
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* Corresponding author. E-mail: (X. Chris Le)[S.L.8]
Introduction
Bisphenol A (BPA, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane; CAS# 80-05-7)is a highly produced industrial chemical, with an estimated four billion kilograms produced worldwide each year (Chen et al., 2014 (more than three authors)). BPA serves as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate, a hard, clear plastic. Polycarbonate plastics are used in many consumer products, such as reusable water bottles. BPA is also widely used to make epoxy resins, which act as coating on the inside of some metal-based food and beverage cans to protect the food from directly contacting metal surfaces.BPA has been used in food packaging since the 1960s. Small amounts of BPA can be leached out from the containers into food and drinks. Because of the prevalence of BPA in food and beverage containers, humans are exposed to measurable levels of BPA (Chen et al., 2014; Cheng et al., 2015; Cui and Luan, 2015; Du et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2015; Han et al., 2015). For example, the general population in the United States consumes a median BPA amount of 34 nanograms per kilogram body weight per day (34 ng/kg/day) (Cui and Luan, 2011 (two authors)). The major route of human exposure to BPA is through ingestion, although dermal exposure to BPA is also possible (Zhou, 2015 (one author)), because newspapers, flyers, tickets, receipts (thermal paper), and magazines also contain BPA.
Many studies have focused on the effects of BPA, including its possible links to diabetes, obesity, reproductive disorders, cardiovascular diseases, birth defects, kidney diseases, and cancer (Hao et al., 2015; Lee, 2015; Li et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2012; Newbigging et al., 2015; Ng et al., 2015a, 2015b[S.L.9]). BPA is known for its endocrine-disrupting estrogenic effects, which has been referenced to contribute to chronic diseases (Popowich et al., 2015; Qi et al., 2014). Canada, the European Union, the United States, and several countries in Asia have banned the use of BPA for the production of baby bottles (Sharply and Wang, 2014; Ye et al., 2014; Yin et al., 2015; Zhou, 2015). However, conflicted findings on BPA toxicity and the reported differences between low-dose and high-dose effects have led to the continuing debates over the effects of BPA and its mechanism(s) of action (Yu et al., 2015; Zan et al., 2014). As a result, several legislations have deemed BPA irrelevant to human health and still permit the wide use of BPA for the production of select materials.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Soil samples
Soil samples were collected from surface layer (0-20 cm in depth) of a paddy field located in Sumen Village, Binjiang Country, Guixi City, Jiangxi Province, central subtropical China (28°20.307′N and 117°14.133′E). This about 20,600[d10] m2 paddy fields have been contaminated with Cu and Cd by sewerage from an adjacent smelting factory for more than 20 years (Yu et al., 2015). The paddy soil was developed from red sandstone with 13.0% clay, 40.5% silt and 46.5% sand, and the main properties of soil are shown in Table 1[s11]. The total concentrations of Cu and Cd significantly exceed the environmental quality standard for agricultural soils (Cu 50 mg/kg and Cd 0.3 mg/kg in GB 15618-1995[d12]) issued by State Environmental Protection Administration of China. Unfortunately, rice is still planted on the contaminated soils by local farmers due to drive of compensation mechanism and poverty.
1.2 Plant and growth conditions
Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 was used in all experiments. Seeds were surface-sterilized with 75% ethanol, rinsed with water, and incubated for 2 daysat 4℃, then distributed in commercial mixture medium and covered with glass for 48 hr to ensure high humidity for an even germination. After growing for 10 days, young plants were transplanted to 6 cm×6 cm plastic pots (5 plants in each pot) and grown in a greenhouse under 800 µmol/(m2·sec) photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm), supplied by 400 W dysprosium lamps (Osram Powerstar, Germany)[s13].
1.3 UV-B and white light irradiation
UV-B radiation (also containing UV-A) was obtained from 6 UVB-313 lamps (Q-PANEL, USA) and filtered through 0.13 mm cellulose diacetate. All radiation below 280 nm was filtered out. Measurement of spectral irradiance was same as our previous report (Li et al., 2014). Irradiance of the UV-B region (280-315 nm) was 2.95 W/m2. White light, 150 W/m2 in the interval 400-700 nm, used for photorepair experiments, was supplied by a 400W lamp (Osram Powerstar, Germany) and filtered through a 10cm depth of water in a transparent polystyrene container to remove excess infrared radiation. Radiation measurements were carried out with a model 754-6S spectroradiometer (Optronic Laboratories, USA). Spectral irradiances of UV-B and white light for photorepair experiments were shown in our previous report (Chen et al., 2014).
In the isotherm experiments, 4 g of samples were mixed with 100 mL Pb2+ solution (80, 400, 800, 2000 and 4000 mg/L) at 200 r/min[s14] and 25℃ for the equilibrium time. To gain a comprehensive knowledge of the Pb2+ adsorption process, the adsorbents included S, P, SP1 (0, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 10 days), SP2 (10 days) and SP3 (10 days). The Pb2+ solution after adsorption was collected and measured using the method mentioned above, with each treatment being in triplicates. The total number of treatments in the experiment was 150 (5×10×3). The Pb2+ adsorbed amount (Q[s15]) was calculated by Eq. (1):
[d16] (1)
where,C0(mg/L) and C (mg/L) are the initial and final Pb2+ concentrations, respectively; V (L)is the solution volume in the flask, m (g) is the dry mass of the absorbent.
2 Results and discussion (results and discussion can be written separately)
2.1 UV-B induced DNA damage in Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianaplants grown in greenhouse were exposed to UV-B radiation in dark room at 24℃. Both types of dimeric pyrimidine photoproducts were induced in plant leaves. The CPDs content of leaves increased during 3 hr UV-B exposure and a smaller increase of 6-4 PPs was observed (Fig. 1[s17]). Further exposure of UV-B radiation led to decrease of both types of DNA damage. The decrease is probably due to photorepair activity driven by the UV-A radiation supplied together with the UV-B. It was deduced from our result that A. thaliana, as quantified by dimer formation in DNA, was very sensitive to UV-B radiation.
1
2.2 Effect of temperature on DNA damage
Fig. 2 shows that UV-B-induced DNA damage in A. thaliana depends on temperature. When detached leaves were exposed to UV-B radiation for 2 hr at 12 and 24℃, more CPDs and 6-4 PPs accumulated than at 0℃ (t-test, P < 0.01) (Fig. 2a), but the difference of 6-4 PPs formation between at 12 and 24℃ was not significant. Both CPDs and 6-4 PPs were induced by UV-B radiation even at 0℃ (Fig. 2b).
3 Conclusions
Temperature is one of the major environmental factors controllingsurvival, growth, reproduction, and thus geographic distribution of plants. The study of combined temperature and UV-B radiation could be of importance with respect to possible effects of climatic change, especially global warming and increasing levels of UV-B radiation caused by the depletion of stratospheric ozone layer. The present investigation provided molecular evidence for temperature-dependence of UV-B-induced DNA damage and photorepair.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.*******, ******) and the Natural Science Foundation of Educational Department of Guangdong Government (No. ******).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in online version at xxxxxx.
References[s18]
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Reference style of JES
Journal articles:
1.Chen, Q.Q., Zhu, R.B., Wang, Q., Xu, H., 2014. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from four tundra ecotopes in Ny-Ålesund of the High Arctic. J. Environ. Sci., 26(7): 1403–1410.
2. Cheng, J.P., Fujimura, M., Bo, D.D., 2015. Assessing pre/post-weaning neurobehavioral development for perinatal exposure to low doses of methylmercury. J. Environ. Sci., 38: 36–41.
Book with edition:
Liu, G.L., Cai, Y., O’Driscoll, N., (Editors), 2012. Advances in Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury. John & Wiley Book..
Book chapter in book with editors:
Kurland Jr., L.T., 1970. The epidemiologic characteristics of multiple sclerosis. In: Vinken, P.J., Bruyn, G.W., (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology. North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 63–84.
Book chapter in book with editors and edition:
Levinsky, N.G., 2008. Fluid and electrolytes. In: Thorn, G.W., Adams, R.D., Braunwald E. et al., (Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 364–375.
Conference proceedings:
Adams, J.H., Levinsky, N.G., 1961. Central pontine myelinolysis. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Water Research. Beijing, China. Oct 10-15.
Thesis:
Cairns, R.B., 2009. Infrared spectroscopic studies of solid oxygen. PhD thesis. University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
Website:
WHO (World Health Organization), 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Fourth Edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available: Accessed September 4, 2016.
List of tables
Table 1 Heavy metal contents in the slag and dust samples[d19]
Element / DS[d20] / WQS / AAR / BFDAs (mg/kg) / 700 / 5700 / 86000 / 1280
Sb (mg/kg) / 6930 / 11100 / 316000 / 234000
Cd (mg/kg) / 0.44 / 0.07 / 1.04 / 5.60
Co (mg/kg) / 2.29 / 32.6 / 0.23 / 10.7
Cr (mg/kg) / 28.3 / 213 / 12.0 / 116
DS: desulfurized slag; WQS: water-quenched slag; AAR: arsenic-alkali residue; BFD: blast furnace dust.
List of figure[d21]s
Fig. 1 Difference in maximum cell density (Xmax) and average specific growth rate () for different Fe(III) concentrations.
Fig. 3 (a) Raman spectra of (1)g-C3N4 NS, (2) BiFeO3 and (3) BiFeO3-g-C3N4 composite and (b) FT-IR spectra of (1)BiFeO3, (2) g-C3N4 NS and (3) BiFeO3-g-C3N4 composite.
Additional information
Unit format
JES formatTime / Year / year
Month / month(s)
Week / week(s)
Day / day(s)
Hour / hr
Minutes / min
Second / sec
Mass / Kilogram / kg
Gram / g
Milligram / mg
Microgram / μg
High / Meter / m
Centimeter / cm
Millimeter / mm
Micrometer / μm
Area / Square meter / m2
Hectare / ha
Volume / Cubic meter / m3
Liter / L
Milliliter / mL
Micro liter / μL
Pressure (suggest only use Pa) / Pascal / Pa
Concentration (using mol/L instead of M and N) / Milligram per liter / mg/L
Mole per liter / mol/L
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Cover features and new Associate Editors of the Journal of Environmental Sciences
Qingcai (First name) Feng (Last name)1[S.L.22], Suqin Liu1, Zhengang Mao1, Jian Xu1, Zixuan Wang1, X. Chris Le2,*
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. E-mail: [S.L.23]
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
Received 06 January 2016
Rrevised 06 March 2016
Accepted 24 January 2007
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* Corresponding author. E-mail: (X. Chris Le)[S.L.24]
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