Contemporary Biology

Unit 13 Study Guide

Patel

All animals share these traits:

  • Heterotrophs
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multi-cellular
  • Most move
  • Sexual reproduction (some do asexual reproduction)

Animal Kingdom

  • Consists of 9 phyla: 8 vertebrae and 1 invertebrate

Symmetry

  • Asymmetrical: no symmetry
  • Bilateral: body divided lengthwise, get two equal sides. Ex: humans, planeria
  • Radial: body parts arranged around a center point. Ex: starfish, squid, octopus

Porifera

  • Sponges
  • Simplest
  • Have pores, small opening
  • No muscles or nerves
  • No tissue, no organs
  • Asymmetrical
  • Don’t move: sessile
  • Filter feed from water passing through
  • Reproduction: sperm carried by water to another sponge

2 layers of cells and 3 kinds of cells

  1. collar cells (trap food)
  2. covering cells
  3. cells that make skeleton

Cnidarians

  • Stinging cell animals: for defense and food
  • Hydra, jellyfish, coral
  • Have muscles and nerves
  • Tentacles: arm like parts surrounding mouth
  • Radial symmetry
  • Sac-like body (one opening)
  • 2 cell layers
  • Disc anchors them to ground
  • Feeding: stings, paralyzes prey, goes in mouth, waste is removed from mouth
  • Reproduction: budding or sexual reproduction
  • Have stinging cells called Nematocysts

Platyhelminthes

  • Flatworms
  • Have 3 cell layers
  • Most are parasites
  • Tapeworm (parasite)
  • Planeria (not parasite)
  • Eyespots
  • Nerve cord
  • Mouth in middle
  • One opening
  • Has both male and female parts
  • Bilaterally Symmetrical

Nematodes

  • Roundworms
  • Many are parasites
  • Long round bodies
  • Have mouth and anus
  • Tube within a tube
  • Hookworm (human parasite)
  • Bilaterally Symmetrical

Annelids

  • Segmented worms
  • Bodies are divided into sections
  • Most complex worms
  • Earthworms
  • Multiple layers of muscle
  • Each segment has tiny hairs called bristles used for movement
  • Organs for eliminating waste mouth and an anus
  • Two major blood vessels and heart
  • Simple brain with nerves
  • Male and female parts
  • Nerves along the body with a simple brain
  • Two major blood vessels on top and bottom

Mollusks

  • Soft body animals
  • Usually protected by hard shell
  • Tongue like structure, covered with teeth

Classes

  1. Snails slugs: wide muscular foot
  2. Clams, oysters, scallops: have 2 shells, muscular foot, filter feed
  3. Squid, octopus: no shell, tentacles-move by jet propulsion

Body

  1. Foot: muscular foot or tentacles
  2. Mantle: thin tissue covers organs, makes shell
  3. Organs

Echinoderms

  • Spiny skinned animals
  • 5 part body plan
  • Radial symmetry
  • Spiny skin
  • “Tube Feet”: suction cup to help move, attach
  • Do both sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Regeneration (asexual)
  • Sperm and egg (sexual)

Arthropods

  • Jointed leg animals
  • Endoskeleton-outside
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Jointed appendages-grow out of the main body
  • Largest phylum
  • Segmented (head- thorax- abdomen)
  • Molting: shed exoskeleton so they can grow
  • Compound eye-see multiple images

Chordates

  • Notocord-flexiable rod for support (becomes backbone in the vertebrates)
  • Endoskeleton
  • Larger brains
  • Well developed senses

Classes of Chordates

  1. jawless fish (Lamprey mouth, hagfish)
  2. cartilaginous fish (Sharks, Manta Ray)
  3. bony fish (Tuna, Salmon, wolf eel)
  4. amphibians (Frogs, Salamander)
  5. reptiles (Forest snake, Iguanas, Sea Turtle)
  6. birds (Snowy Owl, Blue Jay)
  7. mammals (Mouse, Elephant, Dolphin)

***Study the chart that we completed on the Chordates

***Study all handouts, diagrams, and notes