West and Central African Council for agricultural Research in Africa (WECARD)
WORLD BANK
WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME
PEST AND PESTICIDES MANAGMENT PLAN
REPORT
Consultant :
Dr Djibril Doucouré
;
January 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive summary:
Introduction:
I Presentation:
I-1 Brief presentation of the programme area
1-1-1 Burkina Faso
1-1-2 Ghana
1-1-3 Mali
1-1-4 Senegal
I-2 Methodology used to draft the plan:
II Political framework:
III: Regulatory framework and institutional capacity
3-1: Regulatory framework
3-1-1 Senegal
3-1-2 Burkina
3-1-2 Burkina
3-1-3 Mali
3-1-4 Ghana
3-2 The institutional framework
3-2-1 Senegal
3-2-2 Mali
3-2-3 Burkina Faso
3-2-4 Ghana
IV The issue of pests in agriculture and the health sector
4-1 Agricultural background
4-2 The main pests:
4-3 Public health context: Malaria
4-4 Epidemiological situation of malaria:
V Pest management approach: pesticides and alternatives
5-1 Controlling pesticides used in crop protection:
5-2 Strategies developed for pest control:
5-2-1 Preventive combat
5-2-2 Curative combat
5-3 Management approach to combat malaria
VI. Management and use of pesticides
6-1. Production and importation of pesticides
6-2 Commercial policy on pesticides:
6-3 Organisation and practice used in selling and distribution:
6-4 Use of pesticides by farmers:
6-5 Management of pesticides containers:
6-6 Pesticides use and management to fight against mosquitoes:
6-7 Accidents resulting from pesticides:
6-8 Environmental assessment of management systems:
VII Action plan:
7-1 Initiatives and actions planned in ongoing projects
7-1-1 The Projects with some initiatives on pesticide
7-1-2 The projects with pests and pesticides management plans:
7-1-3 Conclusion
7-2 Actions to be carried out in the framework of the national programmes (PASAOP, PSAOP, AgSSIP, PAFASP)
7-2-1 Strengthening capacities in pesticides management
7-2-2 Mastery of the environment surrounding pesticides
7-2-3 Supporting malaria control:
7-3 Actions to be carried out in the framework of the WAAPP:
VIII Stakeholders and their role in the implementation:
IX Partnership framework for the implementation:
X Monitoring and assessment of implementation of the plan
10-1 Monitoring:
10-2 Evaluation
XI Forecast budget
Bibliography:
Annex 1: People met
Annex 2: List of pesticides authorised by CSP march 1994 – march 2005
Annex 3: Pesticides authorised and banned in Ghana December 1st 2006 EPA
Annex 4: Pesticides of the Agreement of Rotterdam and Stockhom
Annex 5: Maximal limits of residues of pesticides ( LMR) fixed by the Europeen Union and applicable to the French bean
Annex 6 : Senegalese standard (APNS - 03 - 024) on the residues of pesticides in and on fruits and vegetables
Annex 7: Pesticides authorized by the Sahelian Committee of pesticides ( CSP) in vegetable farming
TABLES
Tableau 1: Baseline data on Burkina
Tableau 2: Baseline data on Ghana
Tableau 3: Baseline data on Mali
Tableau 4: Baseline data on Senegal
Tableau 5: A few International Agreements signed by the WAAPP countries
Tableau 6: Cereal production in Senegal:
Tableau 7: Evolution of off season vegetables in Senegal (expressed in tons)
Tableau 8: Evolution of surface areas cultivated with off season vegetables in Senegal (in ha)
Tableau 9: Evolution of fruit productions in Senegal (in tons)
Tableau 10: Fruits and vegetables exports in Senegal between 1996 and 2002 (in kg)
Tableau 11: Volumes and prices of vegetables and fruits exports in Senegal
Tableau 12: Production achieved with some crops in Ghana: 1995 – 2005 in thousands of tons
Tableau 13: Cultivated surface areas GHANA: 1995 – 2005 (in thousands of ha.)
Tableau 14: Volume of main agricultural exports between 1996 and 2004 in Ghana (Mt.)
Tableau 15: Value of main exports: 1996-2004 (US $ ‘000)
Tableau 16: Evolution of productions between 2000 and 2004 in tons in Burkina
Tableau 17: Evolution of surface areas in (ha) cultivated with cereals (2000 – 2004) in Burkina
Tableau 18: Production (in tons) and average surface areas (in ha) cultivated (2000 – 2005) in Mali
Tableau 19: Evaluation of production losses due to enemies of crops in Senegal
Tableau 20: Pests of some crops:
Tableau 21: Evolution of the primary causes of mortality in Senegal in % (1997 - 2001)
Tableau 22: Cases of malaria in Ghana from 2003 to 2005
Tableau 23: Types of formulations by industrial unit in Senegal
Tableau 24: CIF Value of pesticides in billions of CFA in Senegal
Tableau 25: Importation of agro-chemical products in Ghana (Mt)
Tableau 26: Importation of Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides in Mali
Tableau 27: Retail price of pesticides in Senegal
Tableau 28: Importation is equally facilitated through tax reductions in Mali.
Tableau 29: Plant care products purchased by DHPS (Source: DHPS, 2006)
Tableau 30: Situation of people trained as at December 31, 2005
Tableau 31: Activities planned in the framework of the PSAOP and PAFASP pests and pesticides management plan
Tableau 32: Activities planned in the framework of the PGIRE pests and pesticides management plan
Tableau 33: The Role of stakeholders
Abbreviation List
AgSSIP: The Agricultural services sub sector Programme
APCAM: Permanent Assembly of Chambers of Agriculture of Mali
ANSSA: National Agency for Food Security and Safety
ANCAR: National Agricultural and Rural Board
APV: Provisional Sale Authorization
APE: Environmental Protection Agency
CAF: Cost Insurance and Freight
CEPS: Customs, Tax and prevention Services
CDH: Centre for Horticultural Development
CDEAO: West African States Community
CERE-Locustox: Ecotoxicological Research Centre in the Sahel
CIPV:International Convention for Crop Protection
CION: Integrated Pest Control
CSP: Sahelian Pesticides Committee
CNCR: National consultation Board for Farmers
CNGPC: National Committee for Chemical Products Management
CONACILSS :National Coordination Office of the Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel
CSS: Senegalese Sugar Manufacturing Company
CEP : FarmerFieldSchool
CILSS: Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel
CMDT: Malian Company of Cotton Fibre Manufacturing
CNGP: National Committee for Pesticides Management
CSCOM: Community Health Centre
DEEC: Environment and Classified Establishments Directorate
DP: Powder for Dusting
DPV: Plant Protection Directorate
DPVC: Plant Protection and Packaging Directorate
DRDR: Regional Directorate for rural Development
DHSP : Public Health and Safety Department
DPLM : Prevention and Disease Control Department
DNACPN : National Water Sanitation, Pollution Control and Nuisance Directorate
DNS: National Health Directorate
DNCC: National Directorate for Trade and Competition
DNA : National Agriculture Directorate
DRA: Regional Agriculture Directorate
DGRC: General Directorate for Control and Regulation
EISMV: InterstateSchool for Veterinary Science and Medicine
EC: Emulsifiable concentrated solution
FAO: World Food Programme
FRP: Booting out Malaria
WFO: World Food Organization
FPMN: Federation of Vegetable Growing Farmers of the Niayes
GIPD: Integrated Pest and Production Management
HOM : Registration
ISRA : Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research
IPM: Integrated Pest Management
LCV: Central Veterinary laboratory
LNS: National Health Laboratory
LIV: Integrated Vector Control
LMR : Maximum Residue Value
MABSA: Ministry of Agriculture, Biofuels and Food Security
MEA: Ministry of environment and Water Sanitation
MTV: Vector Transmitted Diseases
MoFA: Ministry of Food and Agriculture
NIMP: International Standards for Plant Protection Measures
ONG: Non Governmental Organizations
OP: Farmers’ Organizations
OPV: Crop Protection Office
OMS: World health Organization
OMS/AFRO:WHO West Regional Office
ORSEC: Organization of Relief Services
PASAOP: Agricultural Services and farmers’ Organizations Support Programme
PPAAO: Agricultural Productivity Programme in West Africa
PNLP :National Programme to Combat Malaria
POP: Persistent Organic Pollutants
PRODIMAL : The Insecticides Manufacturing Company In Mali
PIC: Prior Information and Consentment Principle
GDP; Gross Domestic Product
PROSEM: Plant Care Products and Seeds
PO: Operational policy
PNAE: Environmental National Action Programme
PPRSD : Plant protection Directorate and regulatory services
RBM: Roll Back Malaria (FRP)
SGH: Harmonized General System
SMPC : The Company of Chemical products of Mali
SAED: Company for the Development and exploitation of the Delta
SENAGRO: The Senegalese Company for agriculture
SENCHIM: The Senegalese Company for Chemicals
SOCAS: The Senegalese Agricultural Trading Company
SOCHIM: The Industrial chemicals Company
SODAGRI: The Agricultural Development Company
SODEFITEX : The Senegalese Cotton Fibre Development Company
SPIA: The Industrial and agricultural products Company
STP: Permanent Technical Secretariat
THA: African Trypanosomiasis
VAT : Value Added Tax
UE: European Union
ULV: Ultra Low volume
USAID: United Stated Agency for International Development
UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme
VALDAFRIQUE: Formulation Unit of Valda products
WHO: World Health Organization
WHOPES : World Heath Pesticide Evaluation Scheme
Executive summary:
The most important share of the population of Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal and Ghana works in the agricultural sector and mainly in agriculture which contributes significantly in the GDP of each country. However this sector experiences other limiting factors apart climate related constraints, such as pests’ attacks at various levels which result in the use of chemical pesticides. These countries are also confronted at sanitary level with a major problem i.e. malaria which calls for the implementation of the anti-vector fight in association with therapeutic methods.
There is a whole set of legal texts integrating or based exclusively on chemical products including plant protection products in these countries because of the governments’ early awareness of the likely environmental and health impact of unsafe pesticides use. Thus, integrated control is used as a strategy to control agricultural pests and also for environmental protection. As regards malaria the strategy of treated mosquito nets has been used for years for the target populations (pregnant women and children under five) in combination with medicine-based prevention and occasionally home treatments.
However, the implementation of these texts by many stakeholders including technical ministries and their agencies in particular is hindered by financial difficulties that translate into the lack of logistical means.
Therefore, the current pesticides management practices especially in the fight against agricultural pests cause major problems that can worsen with the implementation of the West African Agricultural Productivity Programme which aims at improving productivity through research incentive in high quality centres. This system may indeed if successfully implemented, indirectly encourage an increased use of pesticide products with potential adverse health and environmental impacts. Indeed, it is noticed overall that in spite of the efforts made with the help of training programmes and projects, pesticides are not used according to security standards due to several factors including mainly the lack of supervisory staff with adequate means, the users’ slow changes of attitudes etc. The products are sold by retailers in unsafe conditions and used without any protection and empty containers used for other purposes.
At the light of the analysis of the situation of pesticides management, the key actions to be carried out are the following ones:
- Capacity building particularly through training on the use of pesticides and alternative methods for crop protection departments, farmers, resellers
- Raising the awareness of all interested parties on sound management practices
- Designing strategies for the disposal of empty containers
However, the WAAP programme is oriented on research activities and will in last resort be focussed on on-farm tests by research institutions before wider dissemination the scope of which depends on buy in rate from farmers. Consequently the WAAP does not cover production that justifies the increased use of pesticides as the indirect result of the WAAP.
Consequently the proposed action plan concerns the complementary activities to the ongoing programmes (PSAOP (Senegal), PASAOP (Mali), AgSSIP (Ghana), PAFASP (Burkina)) that include pest and pesticides management plans or pest and pesticides management components and also the testing the results of research in farms.
The pest and pesticides management plan is thus oriented towards the strengthening of capacity building in pesticides management through the training of customs officers, resellers, their census, the monitoring of pesticides using data banks, the support to programmes to combat malaria, awareness raising for the use of small capacity containers for pesticides, the purchase of protective and spraying equipment for farmers working in pilot farms including their training on pesticides use.
The implementation of the plan is mostly dependant on the activities planned by the national programmes. Pilot activities on farms are tied to the development of research activities. Consequently, the implementation of the plan depends on these parameters.
The overall monitoring will be ensured by the implementation committee set up in the framework of the national programmes. However, the person in charge of following up the impacts in WECARD will periodically go on follow up visits during which he will be informed on progress of the implementation of the activities planned in the national programmes including on those managed by the WAAP which fall under the responsibility of WECARD
The assessment of the activities is conducted by the system set up by the national programmes.
The impact monitoring officer based in WECARD will be informed by the national programmes on their assessment schedules to allow him take part in these. He will capitalize on these visits in order to assess the WAAP activities in pilot farms.
The estimated budget of us$24000 was built to only finance the capacity building activities and the farmer protection in pilot farms. The other activities mentioned in this plan will be funded by the national programmes while the monitoring will rest on WECARD.
Introduction:
The West Africa Agricultural Productivity programme (WAAPP) is designed to last 12 years and includes 3 phases. The first 4 years phase concerns Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana. Ultimately it will involve all ECOWAS member countries.
The programme development objective is to enhance agricultural productivity through the improvement of agricultural technology dissemination at national and regional levels. The development objectives of phase 1 are as follows:
- The promotion of the building of high quality centres for technology generation and disseminations in West Africa (TGD).
- The strengthening of the coordination mechanisms for technology generation and dissemination at regional level.
The aim of the project is to contribute to the strategic objectives of the Global Environment Fund operational programmes on biodiversity, climate change and soil degradation while contributing gradually to the setting up of regional excellence centres and regional cooperation mechanisms in the area of biosecurity or soil and water management and also through the strengthening of the capacity of national institutions to adopt the regional approach.
The implementation of some activities of the Programme, the adoption of agricultural intensification technologies can whether directly or indirectly:
- encourage the use of pesticides or increase the quantity of already used ones in agricultural activities ;
- Induce pesticides use needs or other control methods owing to the growth of disease vector insect populations and the development of preventive activities against diseases like malaria and pest population growth.
However, the use of pesticides or other non integrated methods in the context of vector and/or damaging insect control may cause, depending on their nature and method use, social, health and environmental damages that can delay the attainment of the Project goals.
Thus, in line with the World Bank safeguard policy OP 4.09, Pest Management, this Plan was prepared to ensure the sound use of pesticides for pest control within the framework of the WAAPP.
The aim of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods to reduce dependence on synthetic and chemical pesticides, and ensure that health and environmental risks associated with pesticides are reduced. In world Bank-funded agricultural projects, pests are controlled through Integrated Management approaches such as biological control, farming practices and the development and use of resistant varieties or those tolerant to damaging pests.
The World Bank can finance the acquisition of pesticides when their use is justified in within the framework of integrated management approach and the below mentioned pesticide selection criteria met:
- The purchase of a pesticide in a World Bank funded project is subject to an evaluation of the nature and degree of the associated risk.
- The pesticide selection and use criteria :
(a) The unimportant negative impact on human health.
(b) To have demonstrated their efficiency when used against target species;
(c) To have a minimal effect on non target species and the natural environment.
(d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of the ability to develop resistance to pesticides;
- Pesticides must be prepared, packed, handled, stored, disposed of and used according to standards acceptable to the World Bank.
- The World Bank does not finance formulated products belonging to the World Health Organisation IA and IB Classes or Classes II formulations if:
(a)When the country has no (regulatory or legal) provisions imposing restrictions to their distribution and use or
(b)If they might be used by or accessible to the people applying them, agricultural or other workers with no adequate training, equipment and infrastructure for handling, storing and properly applying these products.
One of the objectives of this Plan is to assess the regulatory framework of the countries involved in order to promote and support the safe, efficient and rational pest and pesticides management, and to include safeguard proposals in the Project.
The plan is made of several parts:
-The first chapter is a brief description of the countries involved in the first phase of the WAAPP;
-The second chapter is a presentation of the political context;
-The third chapter with the regulatory and institutional framework of pesticides management;
-Chapter 4 is about the agricultural sector with the main pests and presents the malaria problem;
-Chapter 5 is concerned with activities conducted to control pesticides and strategies developed to fight against agricultural pests and Malaria vectors;
-Chapter 6 reviews the state of pesticides management from their import through their use by farmers before analyzing the environmental impacts of practices;
-Chapter 7 deals with the global actions to be carried out which constitute the management plan;
-Chapter 8 lists the different stakeholders as well as their role I the implementation of planned activities
-Chapter 9 deals with the partnership framework in the implementation in order to make optimal use of the management of the management plan,