Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

Concept: Explore the principles of cells, heredity, and biological evolution.

(Pacing- 2 weeks)

Topic: Cells

  • Identify and explain cell structure, function, and cellular processes.

Cell Structure

  • structure, function and interrelatedness of cell organelles
  • eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
  • structure & function of the plasma membrane as it relates to homeostasis & transport
  • organelle of the eukaryotic animal cell

Cellular Functions

  • characteristics of life regulated by cellular processes
  • chemosynthesis and cellular respiration
  • cell division and differentiation
  • functions of cellular organelle in protein synthesis
  • cellular transport such as endocytosis, exocytosis, osmosis, and diffusion
  • the function of DNA in chromatin to regulate the production of protein
  • gene regulation in the synthesis & breakdown of specific molecules

Biochemistry

  • balance in a living system
  • formation or destruction of chemical bonds can release energy
  • acids and bases and their corresponding positions on the pH scale
  • complex biomolecules necessary for all living systems
  • elements essential to all living things
  • metabolism as a sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

VOCABULARY: cells, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, organelles, plasma membrane, nucleus, nuclear envelope, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, microtubules, microfilaments, ribosomes, chromatin, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, cholesterol, phospholipids, cilia, flagella, protein, transport proteins, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, homeostasis, chemosythesis, cellular respiration, electron transport chain, glycolosis, citric acid cycle, ATP, ADP, AMP, mitosis, meiosis, spindle fiber, crossing over, nondisjunction, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, cytokinesis, endocytosis, exocytosis, osmosis, diffusion, active transport, passive transport, metabolism, acids, bases, pH, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, regulatory enzymes, immunity, pathology, anaerobic, aerobic, pyruvic acid, glucose, urea, selectively permeable, amino acids, peptide bonds, covalent, ionic

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Compare and contrast the eukaryotic cell to the prokaryotic cell.
  • Create a model of a eukaryotic animal cell identifying cellular organelle and their specific function as pertaining to protein synthesis.
  • Describe the specialized function of various tissues.
  • Identify the stages of cellular respiration and relate this process to the biochemical breakdown of food molecules.
  • Trace and understand the metabolic pathways in the human body.
  • Outline the steps in meiosis and mitosis.
  • Relate the structures of the plasma membrane to maintaining homeostasis and the transport of materials.

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

HEREDITY

Recognize that information stored in DNA provides the instructions for assembling protein molecules used by the cells that determine the characteristics of the organism.

  • genetics
  • structure and function of DNA in cells
  • genetic mechanisms and inheritance
  • mutations as frameshift, insertions, or deletions
  • developmental differentiation as regulated through the expression of genes
  • human chromosomes as a genetic blueprint
  • growth and development
  • assembly of codons
  • environmental factors as mutagens
  • sex-linked inheritance
  • recombinant DNA
  • genetically-modified organisms and cloning

VOCABULARY: genetics, dominant, recessive, traits, alleles, heredity, DNA, mutations, mutagens, frameshift mutations, point mutations, codons, insertions, deletions, recombinant technology, codominance, incomplete dominance, complete dominance, double helix, adenine, asexual reproduction, chromosome, diploid, haploid, homozygous, heterozygous, cytosine, thymine, guanine, Punnet square, genotype, phenotype, nitrogen base, sexual reproduction, uracil, human genome, anticodon, transcription, translation, replication, growth, development

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Compare and contrast dominant and recessive traits.
  • Trace the inheritance of genetic alleles given a Punett Square.
  • Draw and label a strand of DNA.
  • Given a chart, students will determine the anticodon, code, codon, or amino acid of a given sequence.
  • Explain the processes of transcription and translation.
  • Outline the steps in DNA replication.
  • Compare and contrast codominance with complete and incomplete dominance.
  • Distinguish between various types of genetic mutations.
  • Identify several environmental mutagens on human DNA.

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

CONCEPT: The human body is divided into regions and specific local areas that can be identified on the surface. Each region contains internal organs, the locations of which are anatomically and clinically important.(Pacing- 1 week)

TOPICS: Classification and Characteristics of Humans

  • basic Linnaeus taxonomy
  • hierarchy of classification
  • distinguishing anatomical characteristics of humans

Body Organization

  • multicellular organization
  • systematic versus regional approaches
  • stages of growth
  • organs and body systems

Planes of Reference and Descriptive Terminology

  • descriptive planes of reference
  • terms of direction used in anatomy
  • anatomical position

Body Regions

  • body regions identified on the surface
  • specific local areas of the body
  • internal organs located in each region
  • clinical importance of organs
  • pelvic, abdominal, upper & lower extremities

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

Body Cavities and Membranes

  • connective & epithelial tissues
  • compartmentalization of viscera
  • organization of body cavities
  • differentiation among membranes

VOCABULARY: taxonomy, kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, species, Homo sapiens, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, brain, spinal cord, Animalia, phylogeny, pharynx, auditory tube, opposable thumbs, chordate, mammalia, bipedal, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, growth, puberty, sagittal plane, coronal plane, transverse plane, anatomical position, head, facial region, cranial region, neck, cervical region, trunk, thoracic region, mammary region, sternal region, axillary fossa, axillary region, vertebral region, umbilicus, perineum, sacral region, lumbar region, gluteal region, upper extremity, shoulder, brachium, antebrachium, manus, deltoid region, cubital region, cubital fossa, carpus, metacarpus, digits, palmar region, lower extremity, digits, posterior body cavity, anterior body cavity, coelom, thoracic cavity, viscera, pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, mucous membranes, serous membranes, pleurae, parietal pleura, pericardial cavity, peritoneal membranes

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Classify humans according to the taxonomic system.
  • Describe the anatomical characteristics that set humans apart from other primates.
  • Describe the general function of each body system.
  • Identify the planes of reference used to locate structures within the body.
  • Describe the anatomical position.
  • Define and be able to properly use the descriptive and directional terms that refer to the body.
  • List the regions of the body and the principal areas that make up each region.
  • Explain why it is important to be able to describe the body areas and regions in which major internal organs are located.
  • Identify the various body cavities and the organs found in each.
  • Discuss the types and functions of various body membranes.

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

CONCEPT: Understand that the human body is constructed from four types of tissue.(Pacing- 2 weeks)

TOPICS:

  • definition and classification of tissues
  • general histology
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • liquid tissue
  • nervous tissue

VOCABULARY: tissue, histology, apical surface, basal surface, avascular, endocrine, exocrine, matrix, striation, epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Define tissue and discuss the importance of histology.
  • Draw examples of the four major types of tissues separately and as they appear in organs.
  • Identify and discuss the major structural features of each of the four main tissue types.

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

CONCEPT: Understand the main features of the integumentary system.

(Pacing- 2 weeks)

TOPICS:

  • the skin as an organ
  • organization of skin
  • protective and metabolic functions of skin
  • the science of dermatology
  • skin pigmentation
  • nerves of the skin
  • how the skin is nourished
  • strength & flexibility of the skin
  • glands of the skin
  • maintaining skin health

VOCABULARY: adipose, basal cell layer, blood, collagen, comedone, dermatology, dermatologist, dermis, elastin, epidermal-dermal junction, epidermis, esthetician, keratin, melanin, melanocytes, motor nerve fibers, papillary layer, reticular layer, retinoic acid, sebaceous glands, secretory coil, secretory nerve fibers, sensory nerve fibers, stratum corneum, stratum germinativum, stratum granulousm, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, subcutaneous tissue, subcutis, sudoriferous glands, tactile corpuscles, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, squamous, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar, and cuboidal

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Describe the organization of skin and how it relates to function.
  • Label a cross section of the skin.
  • Identify the location in the body of each of the types of integumentary tissue.

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

CONCEPT: Understand the main features of the skeletal system as it pertains to the physical foundation of the body.(Pacing- 3 weeks)

TOPIC:

  • bones of the skull
  • bones of the cranium
  • bones of the face
  • bones of the neck
  • bones of the chest, shoulder, and back
  • bones of the arms and hands
  • bones of the leg and foot
  • organization of the skeletal system
  • bone structure
  • shapes of bones
  • bone cells
  • joints (elbows, knees, hips, etc.)

VOCABULARY: cranium, occipital bones, parietal bones, frontal bones, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, skeletal system, osteology, Os, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, malar, maxillae, mandible, turbinal, vomer, palatine, hyoid, cervical vertebrae, thorax, ribs, scapula, sternum, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges, tibia, femur, fibula, patella, talus, tarsal, metatarsal, carpal, metacarpal, ossification, spongy bone tissue, compact bone tissue, osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, osteocytes, tendons, ligaments, cartilage

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Describe and identify the basic structure of bone and its composition.
  • Identify examples of various joints.
  • Differentiate between tendons and ligaments and cartilage.
  • Identify the bones of the human skeleton.
  • Define the general structure, functions, and the development of bone.

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

CONCEPT: Understand the structure and function of muscles.(Pacing- 3 weeks)

TOPICS:

  • introduction to the muscular system
  • structure of skeletal muscles
  • skeletal muscle fibers and types of muscle contractions
  • naming of muscles
  • muscles of the axial skeleton
  • muscles of the appendicular skeleton
  • muscles of the scalp
  • muscles of the ear
  • muscles of mastication
  • muscles of the neck
  • muscles of the eyebrow
  • muscles of the nose
  • muscles of the mouth
  • muscles that attach the arms to the body
  • muscles of the shoulder and arms
  • muscles of the hand
  • muscles of the lower leg and foot

VOCABULARY: muscular system, neuromuscular, atrophy, hypertrophy, action potential, flaccid, mycology, striated, nonstriated, cardiac muscle, origin, insertion, belly, epicranius, occipitals, frontalis, epicranial aponeurosis, auricularius superior, auricularius anterior, auricularius posterior, masseter, platysma, sternocleidomastoideus, corrugator muscle, orbicularis occuli, procerus, buccinators muscle, depressor labil inferioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris, mentalis, orbicularis oris, risorius, triangularis, zygomaticus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, bicep, deltoid, tricep, extensors, flexors, pronators, supinator, abductors, adductors, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, peroneus brevis, gastrocnemius, soleus, extensor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Explain how the three types of muscle tissue differ in structure.
  • Draw the structures involved in striated muscle contraction.
  • Describe the physiological activities involved in muscle contraction.
  • Explain how striated and smooth muscle contractions differ.
  • Identify the major muscles of a mammal.

CONCEPT: Understand the basic organization and functions of the nervous system.(Pacing- 3 weeks)

TOPICS:

  • divisions of the nervous system
  • the brain and spinal cord
  • nerve cell structure and function
  • types of nerves
  • nerves of the head, face, and neck
  • nerves of the arm and hand
  • nerves of the lower leg and foot
  • neurons and neuroglia
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
  • meninges
  • spinal cod
  • cerebrospinal fluid

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

VOCABULARY: cranial, spinal, afferent, efferent, somatic, autonomic, enteric, electrochemical, gradient, polarizing, repolarizing, nervous system, neurology, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, brain, spinal cord, neuron, dendrites, axons, nerves, sensory nerves, motor nerves, reflex, fifth cranial nerve, ophthalmic, mandibular, maxillary, auriculotemporal, infraorbital, infratrochlear, mental nerve, nasal nerve, supraorbital nerve, zygomatic nerve, vesicles, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Identify the main types of neurons and neuroglia.
  • Explain the differences between neurorns and neuroglia.
  • Label the main parts of the nervous system.
  • Explain how action potentials are generated and propogated.
  • Draw the events taking place at the synapse.
  • Understand the structure and function of the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, and tongue).
  • Recognize the main subdivisions of the central, peripheral, and autonomic portions of the nervous system.

CONCEPT: Understand the structure and function of the endocrine system.

(Pacing- 2 weeks)

TOPICS:

  • introduction to the endocrine system
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid and parathyroid glands
  • pancreas
  • adrenal glands
  • gonads and other endocrine glands
  • hormones and their actions

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

VOCABULARY: endocrine system, exocrine glands, endocrine glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, pituitary glands, synergist, antagonist, thymus, parathyroid glands, hypothalamus, pineal gland, gonads, hormones, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, meloncyte-stimulating hormone, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, follicular cells, corticosteroids, adrenal cortex, ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, testes

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Explain how hormones produce their effects.
  • Illustrate the method by which lipid and protein hormones produce their effects.
  • Explain how feedback systems regulate endocrine glands.
  • Draw the feedback system which controls the human reproductive cycles.
  • Locate and describe the functions of hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.
  • Label a drawing locating the endocrine glands.
  • Label the parts of the endocrine system.

CONCEPT: Understand the structure and function of the circulatory system.

(Pacing- 2 weeks)

TOPICS:

  • functions and major components of the circulatory system
  • blood
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • arteries of the body
  • capillaries of the body
  • veins of the body
  • circulation
  • lymphatic system

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

VOCABULARY: circulatory system, blood vascular system, lymph vascular system, heart, pericardium, atrium, ventricle, valves, pulmonary circulation, systematic circulation, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood, red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, lymph nodes, common carotid arteries, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, facial artery, submental artery, inferior labial artery, angular artery, superior labial artery, superficial temporal artery, frontal artery, parietal artery, transverse facial artery, middle temporal artery, anterior auricular artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, supraorbital artery, infraorbital artery, internal jugular, external jugular, ulnar artery, radial artery, politeal artery, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis, cardiopulmonary

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Identify the components of blood.
  • Label a drawing of blood.
  • Explain how blood typing is done and how blood clotting occurs.
  • Label a drawing of the cardiovascular system.
  • Compare the structure of capillaries, veins, and arteries.
  • Label the parts of the heart and trace the flow of blood through circulation.

CONCEPT: Understand the organization and function of the lymphatic and immune system.(Pacing- 1 week)

TOPICS:

  • lymph and lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic fluid
  • lymphatic tissue
  • lymph nodes & tonsils
  • functions of the spleen
  • lymph circulation
  • resistance to disease
  • skin & mucous membranes

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

VOCABULARY: lymph nodes, lymph, lymphatic capillaries, lymph ducts, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, mucous membranes, inflammation, immunity, antigens, lymphatic vessels, edema, thoracic duct, pathogens, resistance

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Identify and describe the structures and components of the lymphatic system.
  • Understand the role of the lymphatic system in immunity.
  • Explain the processes of specific and nonspecific resistance.
  • Describe the role of the lymphatic system in waste removal from body cells, carrying nourishment from the blood, and providing a suitable fluid environment for the cells.

CONCEPT: Understand the organization and function of the respiratory system.

(Pacing- 3 weeks)

TOPICS:

  • physical requirements of the respiratory system
  • functions of the respiratory system
  • structure of the respiratory system
  • mechanics of breathing
  • regulation of breathing
  • respiratory disorders

VOCABULARY: respiratory system, lungs, diaphragm, inhalation, exhalation, pulmonary, olfactory, pleural, parietal, carbon dioxide, oxygen, upper respiratory, lower respiratory, nose, nasal cavity, nasal bones, nostril, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, laryngeal muscles, bronchial tree, pulmonary alveoli, pleurae, lungs, inspiration, expiration, cleft lip, cystic fibrosis, asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Pacing Guide

Human Anatomy

2010-11

Course of Study

PERFORMANCE SKILLS:

  • Identify and describe the structure and the components of the respiratory system.
  • Label the parts of the respiratory system.
  • Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in external and internal respiration.
  • Identify and utilize the terms associated with lung capacity as it is measured.
  • Draw and label the components of the lungs and indicate the areas effected by given diseases.

CONCEPT: Understand the organization and function of the digestive system.(Pacing- 3 weeks)