Notes: Kingdom Animalia PreAP

Members of the kingdom Animalia are ______, ______, heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. Most are ______.

Like all other organisms, animals maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal environment.Homeostasis is maintained by ______, which is a process in which the result limits the process. Think of a thermostat and how it cools the room.

Complex animals tend to have high levels of cell ______. Other characteristics of complex animals:

  1. ______–have ______sides that are the same.
  2. ______- have a front end or head with a concentration of ______.
  3. ______- have a true body cavity lined with mesoderm(We will learn what makes a true coelom later.)
  4. Segmentation- different parts of the body are specialized for different ______(ex: our head holds sense organs, circulation and respiration is focused in the chest, movement carried out by our arms and legs)

2 Types of Animals:

1. Invertebrates:______

2. Vertebrates:______

Animal Survival

When studying animals, we will differentiate and classify them based on some of their structures and functions for survival.

  1. Feeding- ______strain floating organisms from the water, all else ingest their food through the mouth and then excrete waste through the anus.
  2. Respiration- gas exchange can occur by diffusion through ______called ______, across ______, or in ______
  3. Circulation- ______(only partially within vessels) or ______circulation (all enclosed in vessels)
  4. Excretion- various methods of ridding the body of ______; Example: sweat and urine
  5. Response- nervous tissue arrangement (eventually into a brain)
  6. Movement- some cannot move (______), some can move (______)
  7. Reproduction- ______; some even can do both methods or switch sexes in their lifetimes

Embryologic Development:

During sexual reproduction, the egg and the sperm come together to form a ______, or fertilized egg. The egg then begins to divide many times by ______until it becomes a ______, a solid ball of cells, and then eventually becomes a ______, or a hollow ball of cells. The cavity inside the blastula is called the ______. The blastula begins to fold in to form a tiny hole, called a ______, which eventually becomes an opening to the digestive tract. The blastopore continues to fold inward, which runs down the length of the embryo called the ______, or “ancient gut”, which becomes the digestive tract. The hollow ball with the archenteron is called a ______.

There are 2 fates that the blastopore can take:

  1. Protostome: ______
  2. Deuterostome: ______

Cells form in 3 layers called germ layers.

  1. Endoderm: inner; forms the lining of the ______
  2. Mesoderm: middle; forms ______
  3. Ectoderm: outer; forms ______

**Depending on how the three germ layers develop, a body cavity or coelom may form around the digestive tract. A true coelom is completely lined in ______. The evolutionary advantage of a coelom is that it provides a space for the internal organs to be ______and not be pressed upon by muscles or twisted out of shape by body movements. A ______, or false coelom, is only partially lined in ______.

Body Symmetry:

There are two types of symmetry

1.______Symmetry: body part repeats around the center of the body (like a star fish)

2.______Symmetry: the body can be divided into two equal halves (like a human being)

The 11 Phyla of Invertebrates:

  1. Porifera: sponges
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. Cnidarians: corals, jellyfish, hydras
  5. soft bodies,
  6. carnivorous animals that have ______; has a ______for feeding and gas exchange
  7. life cycle in two phases – polyp (______) and medusa (looks like jellyfish- ______)
  1. Ctenophora
  2. Resemble medusa of Cnidarians, but differ in cell layers
  3. ______symmetrical
  4. Two long ______that aide in feeding and movement
  5. All marine
  6. Platyhelminthes: flatworms: flukes, tubellarians, tapeworms
  7. Some free-living, some parasitic
  8. Have no body cavity- ______
  9. Has a single opening into the digestive tract (______)

. 5. Rotifera: rotifers, “wheel animals”

  • Under 1mm in length
  • Use ______for feeding
  • have a false body cavity called a ______
  1. Nematoda: round worms
  • unsegmented worms
  • some cause disease, such as ______
  • have a pseudocoelom
  1. Annelida: segmented worms: earthworms, leeches
  • ______
  • free-living
  1. Mollusca:
  • soft bodies with______
  • 3 groups:
  • ______: snails, slugs, limpits, nudibranchs
  • ______: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
  • ______: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish
  1. Arthropods:
  • Tough ______skeleton, segmented body
  • ______
  • 4 groups:
  • ______: 2 pairs of antennae, chewing mouthparts; includes crawfish, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles
  • ______: 2 body parts, 4 pairs of walking legs; includes spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites
  • ______: millipedes and centipedes
  • ______: three body segments and three pairs of walking legs; 73% of all animals
  1. Echinodermata: sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars
  • Means “spiny skin”
  • ______
  • internal skeleton
  • ______- little suction cups that help in walking and feeding
  1. Chordata: sea squirts, lancelets
  2. We will cover chordates in more detail in another set of notes

For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known:

______: toward the head

______: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus

______: at the front of, in front, belly side

______: behind, in the back of(top of the organism)

______: away from the center of the body

Specialization
(yes/no) / Symmetry
(radial/bilateral) / Body Cavity
(type if at all) / Protostome
Deuterostome / Digestion / Segmentation
(yes/no) / Skeleton / Examples / Extra info
Porifera
Cnideria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata