Lecture 3.4: Reform Movements
CultureandReforminthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury
BigIdeas:
Whatwastheimpactimmigrationofthe1840sand50shadonAmericancities?Whydidurbanizationproducesomanyproblems?Whatmotivatedthesocialreformersoftheperiod?Weretheybenevolenthelpersordictatorialsocialcontrollers?Identifythesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongthem.
ExplaintheimpacttheSecondGreatAwakening,theidealsofJacksoniandemocracy,Transcendentalism,andAmericanindividualismhadonthereformmovementsof1820-1860
ComparethecultofdomesticitywiththegoalsoftheSenecaFallsConvention
ImportantPeople
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Lecture 3.4: Reform Movements
Irishimmigrants
Germanimmigrants
Mormons
JosephSmith
BrighamYoung
LucretiaMott
ElizabethCadyStanton
SusanB.Anthony
HoraceMann
HenryDavidThoreau
RalphWaldoEmerson
DorotheaDix
theShakers
EdgarAllanPoe
NathanielHawthorn
HermanMelville
William Lloyd Garrison
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Lecture 3.4: Reform Movements
Importantthings
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Lecture 3.4: Reform Movements
wageslavery
nativism
thesecondgreatawakening
Deism
revivalism
AmericanTemperanceSociety
SenecaFallsConvention
HudsonRiverSchool
Transcendentalism
Abolition
Liberia
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Lecture 3.4: Reform Movements
CourtDecisions
Commonwealthv.Hunt(1842
WorldEvents
IrishPotatoFamine(1845-47)
RomanticliterarymovementsweepsEurope(Byron,Shelly,Goethe,Schiller)(1750-1870)
ChartistpoliticalgroupinBritainfights(unsuccessfully)foruniversalsuffrageformenandwomen(1838-48)
I)Population
A)By1860,13originalstateshadnearlytripled--33states
B)Populationwasstilldoublingevery25years
1)U.S.4thmostpopulouswesterncountrybehindRussia,France,andAustria.
C)By1860,43citiesabove20,000;In1790,only2
D)Over-rapidurbanizationbrought:slums,dimstreets,inadequatepolicing,impurewater,rawsewage,rats,impropergarbagedisposal.
E)SocialResultsofIndustrialization
1)Divisionoflaborensuedasworkbecamemorespecializedandworkathomelesssignificant.
(a)Women'sworknolongerseenasvaluable.
(b)Thehomewasnolongercenterofeconomicproduction;grewintoarefugefromtheworldofworkthatbecamethespecialandseparatesphereofwomen.
2)Growthofcities
(a)1790--5%ofpopulationlivedincitiesof2,500ormore;1860--25%
(b)Rapidurbanizationcreatedanarrayofproblems
(i)Increasedsocialstratification:Richvs.Poor
(ii)Citiesbredgreatestextremesofeconomicinequality;unskilledworkerswereworstoff.
(i)Accountedattimesfor1/2ofcities'population
(iii)Yet,AmericaprovidedmoreopportunitythanEuropedidformostitspeople.
(i)Wagesforunskilledworkersroseabout1%/yrfrom1820to1860.
(ii)Generalprosperityhelpeddefusepotentialclassconflict(asinEurope)
3)Northern"WageSlaves"
(a)IndustrialRevolutiontransformedmanufacturingworkingconditions.
(i)Craftspeopleworkingwithapprenticeswerepreemptedbyfactorywork.
(ii)Workingconditionsbad:longhours,lowwages,fewbreaks,poorventilation,lighting,andheating.
(iii)Workersforbiddenbylawtoformunions;only24recordedstrikesbefore1835.
(iv)WomenandChildrentypicallytoiled6daysaweekwhileearningapittance.
(i)1820,1/2thenation'sindustrialworkerswereundertheageof10;manysuffereddevastatingaffectsfromabuse.
(v)Gainsforworkers
(i)Duringthe"AgeofJackson,"manystatesgrantedthelaboringmanvotingrights.
- Throughworkingmen'sparties,theselaborerssoughta10-hourworkday,higherwages,tolerableworkingconditions,publiced.forkids,andendtothepracticeofimprisonmentfordebt.
(ii)1840,PresidentVanBurenest.10-hr.workdayforfederalemployeesonpublicworks.
- Subsequently,anumberofstatesfollowedsuitbyreducingworkhours.
(iii)Increasednumberofstrikesin1830s1840s(butmostfailedduetoimportationof"scabs",oftenfreshofftheboatfromEurope)
(iv)Commonwealthv.Hunt(1842):Laborunionswerenotillegalconspiracies,providedthattheirmethodswere"honorableandpeaceful."
- Moresymbolicthanimmediatelysignificant.
II)Immigration
A)IrishImmigrants
1)RavagedpotatocropinIrelandclaimed2millionlivesinmid-1840s.
2)BecamelargestgroupofimmigrantstoU.S.between1830andtheCivilWar.
(a)2millionarrivedbetween1830and1860
(b)Cametolargercitiesastheyweretoopoortomovewestbuylandequipment.
(i)BostonparticularlyNY(becamelargestIrishcityintheworld)
(ii)Withindecades,moreIrishinAmericathaninIreland.
3)IrishfaceddiscriminationastheywereCatholicandoftenverypoor
(a)HatedbynativeProtestantsaswage-depressingcompetitors.
4)Irish,forsimilarreasons,fiercelyresentedblacks.
(a)RaceriotsbetweenblackIrishdockworkersflaredupinseveralportcities.
(b)Irishdidnotsupporttheabolitionistcause.
5)Graduallyimprovedtheirconditionbyacquiringmodestamountsofproperty.
(a)Educationofchildrenoftencutshortasfamiliesstruggledtosaveforahome.
(b)PropertyownershipcountedamongtheIrishasagrand"success"
6)Becamepoliticallyinvolvedandsoonbegantogaincontrolofpowerfulcitymachines.
(a)Forexample,NewYork'sTammanyHall
(b)Soon,dominatedpolicedepartmentsinmanybigcities:"Paddywagons"
(c)PoliticianswhowantedtogaintheIrishvoteoftencriticizedBritain,whotheIrishfiercelyhated.
B)Germans
1)Over1.5millioncametoAmericabetween1830-1860.
(a)Becamelargestgroupofimmigrantsbythe20thcentury.
(i)Todayasmanyas25%ofallAmericanshaveGermanancestry
(i)Mostwereuprootedfarmers,displacedbycropfailuresbyotherhardships.
(ii)Afewwereliberalpoliticalrefugees,saddenedbythecollapseofdemocraticrevolutionsin1848;becameknownas"Forty-Eighters."
2)Mostpushedouttothemid-west,notablyWisconsinwheretheyest.modelfarms.
(i)Formedaninfluentialbodyofvoters(liketheIrish)whopoliticianswooed.
(ii)Germanslesspoliticallypotentastheirstrengthwasmorewidelyscattered.
3)StrongproponentsofisolationismastheyhadfledfromtheEuropeanmilitarismandwars.
4)BettereducatedthanfrontierAmericansandstronglysupportedpublicschoolsincludingKindergarten(children'sgarden).
5)BecamerelentlessfoesofslaverypriortotheCivilWar.
6)Perceivedwithsuspicionbyold-stockAmericanneighborsastheysoughttopreservetheirlanguageandculture
(a)Sometimessettledin"compact"coloniestoremainseparatefromothertowns.
(b)Introducedbeerwhichtheydrankinhugequantities;oftenduringtheSabbath.
(i)OldWorlddrinkinghabitsgaveaseveresetbacktothetemperancemovement.
C)Anti-foreignbacklash("nativism")
1)IrishandGermanimmigrationinflamedthehatredofAmerican"nativists."
(a)Fearedimmigrantswouldoutbreed,outvote,andoverwhelmProtestantnatives.
(b)IrishandlargeminorityofGermanswereCatholic;seenasfrom"foreign"church.
(c)CatholicsbegantoconstructanentirelyseparateCatholiceducationalsystem.
(d)By1850,CatholicsbecamethelargestreligiousgroupinAmerica,outnumberingtheBaptists,Methodists,Presbyterians,andCongregationalists.
2)In1849,extremeAmericannativistsformedthe"Know-Nothing"party
(a)Advocatedrigidrestrictionsonimmigrationandnaturalizationandforlawsauthorizingthedeportationofalienpaupers.
(b)TendedtojointheWhigparty
(c)Episodesofmassviolenceoccurredinsomelargercities.
III)TheSecondGreatAwakening
A)StateofAmericanreligioninearly18thcentury
1)75%of23millionAmericansattendedchurchregularly
2)Manychurch-goershadbecomemoreliberalintheirthinking
(a)Rationalist(enlightenment)ideasoftheFrenchRevolutionerahadsoftenedtheolderorthodoxy.
3)Deism,promotedbyPaine,influencedJefferson,FranklinothersrootedinthespiritoftheEnlightenment.
(a)Reliedonreasonratherthanrevelation;onscienceratherthanBible.
(b)RejectedconceptoforiginalsinanddeniedChrist'sdivinity.
(c)BelievedinSupremeBeingwhocreatedaknowableuniverseandendowedhumanbeingswithacapacityformoralbehavior.
(d)Deisminspiredanimportantspin-offfromseverePuritanism--Unitarianism
(i)GodexistsinonlyonepersonandnottheorthodoxTrinity.
(ii)Stressedessentialgoodnessofhumannatureratherthanevilnature.
(iii)Freewillandsalvationthroughgoodworks
(iv)GodalovingFather,notasterncreator
4)UnitarianfaithembracedbyintellectualslikeRalphWaldoEmersonwhoserationalismandoptimismcontrastedwithhellfireCalvinistdoctrines(especiallypredestinationandhumandepravity).
B)Effects
1)Convertedcountlesssouls
2)Shatteredandreorganizedchurchesandnewsects.
3)Fosterednewreformmovements:Prisonreform,temperance,women'smovement,andabolition.
4)Spreadtothemassesonthefrontierbyhuge"campmeetings"
(a)Asmanyas25,000personsgatheredforseveraldaystohearhellfiregospel.
(b)MethodistsandBaptistsbenefitedmostfromrevivalism.
(i)Bothsectsstressedpersonalconversion(contrarytoPredestination)
(ii)Relativelydemocraticcontrolofchurchaffairs.
(iii)Emotionalism
(iv)Inspiredmajorreformmovements:Education,temperance,andabolitionism
C)DenominationalDiversity
1)"Burned-OverDistrict:WesternNY,manyNewEnglandPuritanshadsettledthereandtheregionbecameknownforits"hellfireanddamnation"sermons;fragmentationoccurred.
(a)Seventh-DayAdventists(orMillerites)grewtoseveralhundredthousandadherents.
(i)LedbyWilliamMiller,interpretedBibletomeanthatChristwouldreturnonOctober22,1844.
(ii)FailureofChristtoappeardampenedbuydidnotdestroymovement.
(b)Wealthier,better-educatedlevelsofsocietynotasaffectedbyrevivalism
(i)Episcopalians,Presbyterians,Congregationalists,andUnitarians.
(ii)Lessprosperous,less"learned"communitiesintheruralSouthandWestmostaffectedbyrevivalism
(c)Methodists,Baptists,andothersects.
(i)SlaveryissuesplitBaptists,Methodists,andPresbyteriansalongsectionallines.
(i)Secessionofsouthernchurchesforeshadowedsecessionofsouthernstates.
IV)Mormons
A)JosephSmithfoundedtheChurchofLatterDaySaints(Mormons)in1830andwrotetheBookofMormonafterhavingexperiencedarevelation.
1)ChurchofLatterDaySaintsfoundedin"Burned-OverDistrict"
B)MormonsbecamepersecutedinOhio,theninMissouriandIllinois.
1)CooperativenatureofsectoffendedindividualisticAmericans
2)Accusationsofpolygamy,esp.JosephSmith,increasedopposition.
3)1844,JosephSmithandhisbrothermurderedandmangledbymobinIllinois.
C)BrighamYoungledMormonstoSaltLakeCity,Utahin1846-47
1)Communitybecameprosperousfrontiertheocracyandacooperativecommonwealth.
2)Cultivatedsemi-aridUtahbyingeniouscooperativemethodsofirrigation.
(a)Federalarmymarchedin1857againsttheMormonswillingtodiefortheircauseandcrisisendedwithoutseriousbloodshed.
3)Mormonslaterfloutedanti-polygamylawspassedbyCongressin18621882.
(a)Statehooddelayeduntil1896asaresultoftheiruniquemaritalcustoms.
V)AnAgeofReform
A)Mostreformsdrivenbyevangelicalreligion(SecondGreatAwakening).
1)ManyofthesemodernidealistsdreamedanewtheoldPuritanvisionofaperfectedsociety.
B)Manydesiredtoreaffirmtraditionalvaluesassocietyplungedintoamorecomplexworldofatransformingmarketeconomy.
C)Womenparticularlyprominentinreformcrusades,esp.intheirstruggleforsuffrage.
1)Movementsofferedmanymiddle-classwomenopportunitiestoescapetheconfinesofhomeandenterpublicaffairs.
D)MajorIssues
1)Temperance
2)Women’srights
3)Educationreform
4)Endingwar
5)Conditionsforthementallyill
6)Abolitionofslavery
7)Prisonreform--Pushforreformatoriesratherthanpunitiveinstitutions
8)Endingimprisonmentfordebt
VI)Crusadeagainstalcohol
A)Alcoholabuserampantin19thc.America
1)Abusersincludedwomen,clergymen,andmembersofCongress.
2)Decreasedtheefficiencyoflaborwhileincreasinginjuriesintheworkplace.
3)Familyhinderedbyphysicaldangertowomenandchildren.
B)AmericanTemperanceSociety
1)FormedinBostonin1826--Withinafewyearsabout1000localgroupsemerged.
2)Urgeddrinkerstogiveupalcoholandorganizedchildren'sclubs.
C)TwoMajorstrategiesinearlybattlesagainstalcohol
1)Temperance--Moderateuseofalcoholratherthanabstention
2)Illegalizealcohol
(a)By1857,12stateshadpassedvariousprohibitorylaws.
(b)Yet,duringsamedecade,manylawsrepealedordeclaredunconstitutional
D)Results
1)Muchlessdrinkingamongwomenthanearlierinthecentury
2)Lesspercapitaconsumptionofhardliquor.
E)Temperancetheleastsectionalofallthereformmovements.
1)IncludedabolitionistslikeGarrisonandproslaverydefendersintheSouth,
VII)Women'sRights
A)Sexualdifferencesincreasinglyemphasizedin19thc.AmericaasaresultofIndustrialRevolution.
1)Burgeoningmarketseparatedmenandwomenintosharplydistincteconomicroles.
2)Womenseentobephysicallyandemotionallyweakbutalsoartisticandrefined.
3)"RepublicanMotherhood":Womenseenaskeepersofsociety'sconsciencewithspecialresponsibilitytoteachchildrenhowtobegoodandproductivecitizens.
B)Somewomenwantedtobreakawayfromroleofhomemakerandparticipateinthepublicworldofmen.
C)Femalereformersadvocatedwomen’ssuffrageandotherincreasedrightsforwomen
1)Alsoparticipatedingeneralreformmovement--temperanceabolition
2)LucretiaMott
(a)AlongwithElizabethCadyStanton,organizedSenecaFallsConvention
3)ElizabethCadyStanton
(a)Urgedequalityforwomen,rightstosue,rightstoownrealpersonalproperty.
4)SusanB.Anthony
(a)Quaker;protégéofStanton;militantlecturerforwoman'srights
5)Grimkesisters
(a)AngelinaGrimke--Southernwhitefiercespeakeragainstslaveryandlaterinfavorofwomen’srights.
(b)SaraGrimke--Powerfulwriteronbehalfofthewomen’srightsmovement.
6)LucyStone--Helpedorganizefirstnationalwomen’srightsconventionin1850.
(a)Anavidabolitionist;brokewithmalecounterpartsafterthewaroverthedisputeofwomen’ssuffrage.
(b)Retainedhermaidennameaftershewasmarried
(c)Womenwhofollowherexampleareknownas"LucyStoners"
7)AmeliaBloomer--PopularizedthewearingofashortskirtwithTurkishtrousers.
(a)"Bloomers"werechallengedtobetoomasculineandtoconveyimmorality.
8)MargaretFuller
(a)Editedatranscendentalistjournal,TheDial.
D)SenecaFallsConvention(1848)also"Women’s'RightsConvention"
1)OrganizedbyStantonandMott
2)"DeclarationofSentiments":"...allmenandwomenarecreatedequal."
3)Oneresolutionformallydemandedwomen’s'suffrage.
4)Launchedthemodernwoman'srightsmovement
5)Becameobjectofscornanddenunciationfrompressandpulpit.
6)Attendedby61womenand34men.
E)Woman'smovementovershadowedbyeventsoftheera
1)SlaveryissuedominatedwhiletheCivilWarensued.
2)Yet,womengraduallyadmittedtocollegeswhilesome,beginninginMiss.in1839,allowedtoownpropertyaftermarriage.
VIII)Education
A)PublicEducation
1)Supportforfreepubliceducationgraduallysupportedbythewealthy
2)Tax-supportedpubliceducationtriumphedbetween1825and1850(althoughlagginginSouth)
(a)Laborersincreasinglydemandededucationfortheirchildren.
(b)ManhoodsuffragemostimportantinJackson'sday;freevotepushedfreeeducation.
3)HoraceMann
(a)Arguedkeytoreformwasbettereducation
(b)Establishedstatenormalschoolstobettertrainteachers.
B)Influencespreadtootherstatesandimpressiveimprovementsmade.
1)Secondaryeducationlaggedand1millionpeoplestillilliterateby1860
C)NoahWebster
1)DictionaryhelpedstandardizeAmericanEnglish
2)Hisreadersandgrammarbooksusedbymillionsofchildrenin19thc.
3)Partlydesignedtopromotepatriotism
D)WilliamH.McGuffey
1)Gradeschoolreaders1stpublishedin1830's;sold122millioncopies.
2)Lessonsemphasizedmorality,patriotism,andidealism.
E)HigherEducation
1)2ndGreatAwakening--creationofmanysmall,denominational,liberalartscolleges,mostlyinSouthandWest.
2)Women'sschoolsinsecondaryed.gainedsomerespectabilityin1820s.
(a)EmmaWillardest.in1821,theTroy(NY)FemaleSeminary.
(b)OberlinCollegeopentobothmenandwomenin1837;andblacks.
F)Lyceums:providedplatformsfortravelinglecturersinscience,literature,moralphilosophy;3,000lyceumlectureassociationsexistedby1835.
IX)AmericanPeaceSociety
A)Agitatedforpeaceandgainedmomentuminthepre-CivilWaryears.
B)LinkedwiththeEuropeancrusade,madepromisingprogressuntiltheCrimeanwarinthe1850sandtheAmericanCivilWar.
X)DorotheaDixworkedtoimprovetreatmentofthementallyhandicapped.
A)Traveledsome60,000milesin8yearscompilingreportsofsqualidconditionsfromfirsthandexperiencesinpoorhousesandbasementswheretheinsanewereoftenkeptinchains.
B)Hereffortsresultedinimprovedconditionsandinagainfortheconceptthatthedementedwerenotwillfullyperversebuymentallyill.
1)15statescreatednewhospitalsandasylumsasaresult.
C)AppointedsuperintendentofwomennursesfortheUnionforcesduringCivilWar.
XI)Free African Americans
1)Numbered about 250,000 in the South by 1860
(a)In Lower South, many free blacks were mulattos (white father, black mother)
(b)Some had purchased their freedom with earnings from labor after hours.
(c)Some owned property; New Orleans had a sizable prosperous mulatto community.
2)Discrimination in the South
(a)Prohibited from certain occupations and from testifying against whites in court.
(b)Always in danger of being forced back into slavery by slave traders.
(c)Became a fearful symbol of what might be achieved by emancipation
3)Discrimination in the North
(a)Blacks also numbered about 250,000
(b)Some states forbade their entrance or denied them public education
(c)Most states denied them suffrage
(d)Some states segregated blacks in public facilities.
(e)Especially hated by Irish immigrants with whom they competed with for jobs.
(f)Much of Northern sentiment against spread of slavery into new territories due to intense race prejudice, not humanitarianism.
(g)Anti-Black feeling frequently stronger in the North than in the South
XII)Abolition
A)First abolitionist movements began around the time of the Revolution esp. Quakers
1)Some of these movements focused on transporting blacks back to Africa.
(a)RepublicofLiberiaestablishedW.AfricanCoastforformerslavesin1822.
(i)15,000 freed blacks transported over next four decades
(ii)Most blacks did not wish to be transplanted in an unfamiliar environment
(i)Believed they were part of America’s growth; had American culture
(ii)By 1860, virtually all southern slaves were native-born Americans
(b)ColonizationappealedtomostNorthernersandsomeanti-slaveryites (including Lincoln) who believed that blacks and whites could not coexist in a free society.
(i)Some feared a mongrelization of the white race.
(ii)Others thought blacks inferior, did not want them in large #’s in their states.
B)Abolitionists in the 1830s
1)SecondGreatAwakeningconvincedabolitionistsofthesinofslavery.
2)Abolitionists inspired that Britain emancipated their slaves in the West Indies in 1833 Radical Abolitionism
3)WilliamLloydGarrison
(a)Published 1st issue of his Liberator,a militant antislavery newspaper in Boston in1831
(b)Demanded "virtuous" North secede from the "wicked" South.
(i)Yet, never explained how such an act would end southern slavery.
(ii)Criticized by even some of his followers for offering no solution.
(c)InspireddedicatedabolitioniststofoundtheAmericanAnti-SlaverySociety
4)AngelinaandSarahGrimke
(a)Only white southern women to become leading abolitionists
(b)Also involved in women’s rights.
(c)Angelina married to Theodore Weld; Sarah remained part of their household
5)Sojourner Truth: Freed black woman in NY; fought for emancipation & women’s rights
6)FrederickDouglass
(a)Greatestoftheblackabolitionists
(b)Published TheNorthStar, his own abolitionist newspaper.
(i)Former slave who escaped slavery at age 21.
(ii)NarrativeoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass
(i)Depicted his life as a slave, his struggle to read & write & his escape to North.
- Flexibly practical (in contrast to Garrison who was stubbornly principled)
- Looked to politics to end slavery.
(ii)Backed the Liberty party in 1840 and the Republican party in the 1850s.
7)Eventually, most abolitionists (including pacifist Garrison) would support the Civil War to end slavery.
C)Southern Reprisals
1)In 1820s, southern antislavery societies outnumbered northern ones.
2)After1830s,whitesouthernabolitionismwassilenced
3)Causes of southern concern
(a)NatTurner’srevolt coincided with Garrisons Liberator.
(i)South sensed a northern conspiracy and called Garrison a terrorist.
(ii)Georgia offered $5,000 for his arrest and conviction
(b)NullificationCrisisof1832
(i)Gave southerners haunting fears of northern federally supported abolitionist radicals inciting wholesale murder in the South.
(ii)Jailings, whippings, and lynchings of anti-slavery whites emerged
(iii)Increasing abolitionist literature that flooded southern mails.
(iv)AbolitionistliteraturebannedintheSouthernmails
(i)Federal government ordered southern postmasters to destroy abolitionist materials and to arrest federal postmasters who did not comply.
4)Pro-slavery whites responded by launching a massive defense of slavery as a positive good.
(a)Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and Aristotle (slavery existed in ancient Greece).
(b)It was good for barbarous Africans who were civilized and Christianized
(c)Master-slave relationships resembled those of a "family."
(d)George Fitzhugh -- most famous of pro-slavery apologists
(i)Contrasted happiness of their slaves with the overworked northern wage slaves.
(ii)Fresh air in the south as opposed to stuffy factories
(iii)Full employment for blacks
(iv)Slaves cared for in sickness and old age unlike northern workers.
(e)"gag resolution" -- 1836, southerners drove it through Congress
(i)All antislavery appeals in Congress to be ended without debate; antislavery petitions also prohibited
(f)Seen by northerners as a threat to the 1st Amendment
(i)Rep. John Quincy. Adams waged a successful 8-year fight against it; repealed in 1844
D)Abolitionist impact in the North
1)Abolitionists, esp. Garrison, were unpopular in many parts of the North.
(a)Northerners brought up to revere the Constitution; slavery was protected and part of a lasting bargain.
2)Ideal of Union (advocated by Webster & others) had taken deep root; Garrison’s pleas to disunite was seen as dangerously radical.
3)North dependent on the South for economic well-being
(a)Northern bankers owed by southern planters; about $300 million
(b)New England mills fed by southern cotton.
4)Many mob outbursts in response to extreme abolitionists
(a)Lewis Tappan’s NY house ran-sacked in 1834 to a cheering crowd.
(b)1835, Garrison dragged through the streets of Boston with a rope tied around him.
(c)Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy killed
5)Ambitious politicians avoided abolitionists (e.g., Lincoln) – abolitionism was political suicide
6)By1850,abolitionismhadhadadeepeffectontheNorthernpsyche.
(a)Many saw slavery as unjust, undemocratic, and barbaric.
(b)Many opposed extending slavery to the newly acquired territories.
(c)"Free-soilers" swelled their ranks during the 1850s.
XIII)CommunalExperimentsandWildernessUtopias
A)Variousreformerssetupmorethan40communitiesofacooperative,communistic,or"communitarian"nature.
B)1825,NewHarmony,Indiana,thesiteofabout1000personsledbyRobertOwen.
1)CommunitariansocietyfoundedthefirstAmericankindergarten,firstfreepublicschoolandthefirstfreepubliclibrary.
C)BrookFarminMass.startedin1841by20intellectuals:"plainlivingandhighthinking"
1)Prospereduntil1846whennewcommunalbuildingburneddown.
2)NathanielHawthornearesident(authorofAScarletLetter)
D)OneidaColonyfoundedinNYin1848;moreradical
1)Practicesfreelove("complexmarriage"),birthcontrol,andeugenicselectionofparentstoproducesuperioroffspring.
(a)Believedincorporatemarriageofallmemberstoeachother.
(b)Communalcareofchildren.
(c)Equalityofgenders
2)LeaderfledtoCanadatoescapeprosecutionforadultery.
3)Colonyflourishedforover30yearslargelyduetoitscraftsmenmakingsuperiorsteeltrapsandOneidaCommunity(silver)plate.
4)In1879-80,groupembracedmonogamyandabandonedcommunism.
E)Shakers--UnitedSocietyofBelieversinChrist’sSecondAppearing
1)EstablishedinLebanon,NewYork.
2)Longest-livedsectbeginningin1776nonewmembershavebeenacceptedsince1964
3)Setupabout20religiouscommunities;membershipabout6,000in1840
4)Communistic
5)Oppositiontobothmarriageandfreeloveledtotheirextinction.
(a)Believedincelibacy,equalspiritualvalueofmenandwomen,andsimplicityofarchitectureandfurnishings.
(b)Newmemberswereadoptedasorphansorrecruitedthroughconversion.
XIV)TheChangingAmericanFamily
A)Womengrowingmoreconsciousofthemselvesasindividualsandas"sisters"asthemaleandfemalesexroleswerebecomingmoreincreasinglydivided.
1)Stillaman'sworldbutwomenfaredbetterinU.S.thaninEuropeesp.onthefrontierwherewomenweremorescarce.
B)Increasingnumbersofwomenavoidedmarriage;10%by1860
C)Womenbeganworkingasschoolteachersandindomesticservice.
1)10%ofwhitewomenworkingforpayoutsideownhomesin1850
2)20%hadbeenemployedatsometimepriortomarriage.
D)Mostwomenlefttheirjobsuponmarriageandbecamehomemakers
1)"Cultofdomesticity"glorifiedtraditionalfunctionofthehomemaker.
2)Womencommandedimmensemoralpowerandincreasinglymadedecisionsthatalteredthecharacterofthefamilyitself.
E)Godey'sLady'sBook,foundedin1830,surviveduntil1898;promoted"cultofdomesticity"
1)Readbycountlessmillionsofwomen;circulationwasastaggering150,000.
F)CatharineBeecher(daughterofLymanBeecherandsisterofHarrietBeecherStowe)
1)CalledonAmericaninventorstoimprovelifeforthehomemaker
2)RedesignedtheAmericankitchenandhometoprovidemorecomfortforwomenandanurturingenvironmentforthefamily.
3)Ironically,labor-savinginventionsmademanywomen’slifemorechallengingasmoreworkwasexpectedofthemasaresult.
G)Changesinthefamily
1)Love,not"arrangement",morefrequentlydeterminedthechoiceofaspouse.
2)Familiesbecamemoreclose-knitandaffectionate
H)Familiesgrewsmaller
1)Avg.of6kidsin1800;lessthan5in1900;birthsfell1/2duringthe19thc.
2)Contraceptionpracticedquietlyandsecretly;stilltabootopicinpublic.
(a)Smallerfamiliesmeantchild-centeredfamilies
(b)Corporalpunishmentreduced;moreemphasisonshapingthanbreaking.
(c)Childrenraisedtobeindependentindividualsmakingdecisionsoninternalizedmoralstandards.
I)Thus,outlinesofthe"modernfamily"wereclearbymid-century.
XV)Artisticand Scientific Achievements
A)ThomasJeffersonprobablyfinestAmericanarchitectofhisgeneration
(a)BroughtclassicaldesigntoMonticellowhilethequadrangleoftheUniv.ofVAatCharlottesvilleisoneofthefinestexamplesofclassicalarchitectureinAmerica.
B)Artists
1)GilbertStuart(1755-1828)amongthebestAmericanpaintersoftheera.
(a)SeveralportraitsofWashington,allsomewhatidealizedandehumanized.
2)CharlesWillsonPeale(1741-1827)paintedsome60portraitsofWashington.
3)HudsonRiverSchoolofArt
(a)Emphasizedromanticmirroringsoflocallandscapes
4)LouisDaguerre,aFrenchman,inventedacrudephotographknownasthedaguerreotype.
C)Music:StephenFosterwrotefamousblacksongs("darky"tunes)
D)Literature
1)FewAmericansread"polite"literatureinearly19thc.
(a)Pouredmostoftheircreativeeffortsintopracticaloutlets.
(b)MuchoftheirreadingmatterwasimportedorplagiarizedformEngland.
(c)AmericanliteraturereceivedastrongboostfromnationalistwaveafterWarof1812.
2)TheKnickerbockerGroupinNYboastedsomeofAmericasgreatestearlywriters.
(a)WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)
(i)FirstAmericantowininternationalrecognitionasaliteraryfigure.
(ii)Dutch-Americantales"RipVanWinkle"and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow"
(iii)Alsoahistorian:Washington'sbiographyandotherhistoricalworks.
(b)JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)
(i)FirstAmericannovelisttogainworldfame.
(ii)TheSpy(1821),LeatherstockingTales;LastoftheMohicans
E)Transcendentalism
1)EmergedinNewEnglandduring2ndquarterofthe1800s
(a)a“GoldenAge”ofAmericanliterature;Bostonthe“Athens”ofAmerica
(b)ResultedinpartfromaliberalizingoftheausterePuritantheology.
(c)AlsoowedmuchtoforeignthinkersincludingGermanromanticphilosophers.
2)Philosophy
(a)Truth"transcends"thesenses:cannotnotbefoundbyempiricismalone.
(b)Everypersonpossessesaninnerlightthatcanilluminatethehighesttruthandputhim/herindirecttouchwithGod,orthe"Oversoul."
(c)Individualisminmattersofreligionaswellassocial.
(i)Commitmenttoself-reliance,self-culture,andself-discipline.
(ii)Hostiletoformalinstitutionsofanykindandconventionalwisdom.
(d)RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)
(i)"Oversoul"philosophyofanorganicuniverse.
(ii)Stressedself-reliance,self-confidence,self-improvement,optimism,andfreedom.
(e)HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)
(i)AssociateofEmerson;apoet,mystic,transcendentalist,andnonconformist.
(ii)Walden:OrLifeintheWoods(1854)
(iii)EssayonCivilDisobedience--WrittenasaresultofhisbriefexperienceinjailwhenherefusedtopaytaxestosupporttheMexicanwareffort.
(f)WritingslaterencouragedMahatmaGandhitoresistBritishruleinIndiaandlaterMartinLutherKing'sthinkingaboutnonviolence.
3)WaltWhitman(1819-1892)–LeavesofGrass(1855)
4)MargaretFuller--published"TheDial"
5)Poetry:HenryWadsworthLongfellow(1807-1882)
(a)OneofmostpopularpoetseverproducedinAmerica.
(i)Wrotehistorically-basedpoetry
(b)MostadmiredpoemsbasedonAmericantraditions:"Evangeline,""Hiawatha,"and"TheCourtshipofMilesStandish,"and"PaulRevere’sRide."
XVI)IndividualistsandDissenters
A)EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)
1)GiftedlyricpoetTheRaven,Tamerlaneandmanytalesofterrordarkness
2)Excelledintheshortstory:Exploredtheworldofthespiritandtheemotions
B)NathanielHawthorne
1)TheScarletLetter(1850);
2)ReflectedCalvinistobsessionwithoriginalsinandwithnever-endingstrugglebetweengoodandevil.
C)HermanMelville(1819-1891):MobyDick;Typee;BillyBudd
1)Lashedoutatthepopularoptimismofhisday.
2)BelievedinthePuritandoctrineoforiginalsinandhischaractersspokethemysteryoflife.
XVII)Journalism
A)Newspaperbolsteredbyincreasedliteracy
B)Tabloidof"gutterjournalism"focusedonmurders,scandals,otherhumanintereststories.
C)DecadesjustbeforetheCivilWarmarkedthegoldenageofpersonaljournalism
1)HoraceGreeley--editorandownerofNewYorkTribunepublishedownpaper(foundedin1841)
(a)Incrediblyinfluentialinformingpublicopinion.(evenoutsideNYstate)
(b)Mercilessfoeofslavery
D)Increasedpublicknowledgemeantanincreasedabilitytomakedemocracywork.
XVIII)Science:JohnJ.Audubon(1785-1851)
A)HisillustratedBirdsofAmericaattainedconsiderablepopularity.
B)AudubonSocietyfortheprotectionofbirdsnamedafterhim.
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