COLLEGE-PREP BIOLOGY FALL FINAL EXAM REVIEW

FOR THE FINAL EXAM YOU SHOULD KNOW:

  • The list of common metric laboratory tools (handout given) and how and when they are used
  • The rules on the safety contract – handout given in class
  • Metric abbreviations we went over in class (see page 24)
  • The metric prefixes in sequence from largest to smallest
  • The common metric units and their relationship to one another (ex:p.24)
  • The steps of the scientific method
  • The difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law
  • The parts, functions, and different magnifications of the microscope
  • The characteristics of all living things
  • On which axis of a graph to place the independent and dependent variables in an experiment
  • How to identify the independent and dependent variables in an experiment
  • How to identify the control group and experimental groups in an experiment

Chemistry and Biochemistry

  • How the periodic table is arranged and the number of naturally occurring elements
  • The person credited with creating the modern periodic table as well as the first one
  • The location of the subatomic particles and how to determine the number of subatomic particles in the various elements if you are given a periodic table
  • The symbols of the 12 or so elements given in class that are a major part of the human body
  • The subatomic particle involved in chemical reactions
  • How to determine the number of atoms in a molecule/compound
  • How to write structural formulas for some basic compounds such as those you made with the molecular models in class
  • Who is credited with the modern model of the atom
  • The difference between ionic and covalent bonds
  • The names of and examples of the four classes of organic compounds/macromolecules and how they are structurally different from one another Know examples of each.
  • The monomers that compose the various macromolecules (ex: amino acids are monomers of proteins)
  • How condensation/dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are involved in the formation of and breakdown of organic compounds/macromolecules
  • For what purpose a Benedict’s Test and a Lugol’s Iodine test are performed in terms of organic compound testing
  • The parts of an enzyme and how they work together; understanding of some enzymes in the human body such as amylase and lactase and their substrates. You should also know the products that are formed after the reaction.

Cells and Cell Transport (Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport)

  • The contributions of the following people to biology:

Hooke Schleiden Schwann

Virchow Leeuwenhoek

  • The names and functions of the organelles – very important!
  • The differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • The differences between plant and animal cells
  • The definitions of diffusion and osmosis
  • The understanding of the types of solutions that are present inside and outside cells (hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic) and which way water will flow if cells are placed into these solutions (potato osmosis lab)
  • The definitions of plasmolysis and turgor pressure
  • The definition of a concentration gradient
  • The definitions of active transport and facilitated diffusion and examples of each
  • That active transport requires energy (from ATP) and facilitated diffusion, diffusion, and osmosis are passive transport (no ATP required)
  • Be able to apply the concepts involved in cell transport and predict which way fluids will move by looking at concentration gradients

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • In what part of the chloroplast the light reactions of photosynthesis occur
  • In what part of the chloroplast the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur
  • The difference between an autotroph and heterotroph
  • Why we see various colors in nature (use a diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum) (ex: Why do leaves appear green?)
  • The equation for photosynthesis
  • The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis
  • The products of the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) of photosynthesis
  • How the electron transport chain in chloroplasts produces ATP
  • In what part of the mitochondrion glycolysis occurs
  • In what part of the mitochondrion the Krebs Cycle occurs
  • The equation for cellular respiration
  • When fermentation occurs and what is produced as a by-product of fermentation in animals
  • The number of ATP molecules that are produced from cellular respiration
  • What is produced at the end of glycolysis
  • Where the CO2 that you are exhaling is produced in cellular respiration
  • How the electron transport chain in mitochondria produces ATP

DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis, the Cell Cycle, and Meiosis

  • The complementary base-pairing rules of DNA
  • The structure of the DNA molecule:

Which molecules are purines and which molecules are pyrimidines

What molecules compose the outside and the inside of the double helix

  • The contributions to molecular biology of:

Crick and Watson Franklin and Wilkins Chargaff Miescher Flemming

  • The number of autosomes and sex chromosomes in your somatic cells vs your gametes
  • The differences between the haploid number and the diploid number
  • What a karyotype is, when it is performed, and what it tells that pregnant mother
  • What procedure(s) is/are performed in a pregnant woman in order to make a karyotype
  • Structure of a chromosome (centromere, two chromatids)
  • The differences between DNA and RNA
  • The roles of DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase
  • The roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis
  • The definitions and processes of transcription and translation
  • The definition of a codon and an understanding of the genetic code chart
  • What occursin the phases of the cell cycle
  • Roles of proteins in the human body (see your textbook and activity, “How Genes Make Proteins”)
  • The differences between the types of mutations that occur in the DNA replication and protein synthesis process
  • How to identify cells in the various phases of the cell cycle (microviewer lab)
  • The differences between plant cell and animal cell mitosis
  • The number of chromosomes that are a result of a mitotic division in human cells
  • The numbers of chromosomes that are a result of meiotic division in human cells
  • In what type of human cells mitosis occurs frequently (table on page 249)
  • In what type of human cells meiosis occurs and the number of cells produced
  • The relationship between diploid (2n) and haploid (n) cells
  • Which parent determines the sex (gender) of the child
  • The sex chromosomes possessed by human males vs. human females
  • When crossing over takes place in meiosis and why it’s extremely significant in the formation of gametes
  • Differences between the cell cycle and meiosis
  • Where fertilization of the embryo takes place
  • Who Gregor Mendel was and the approximate time period when his work was discovered

Know the definitions and APPLICATION of the following terms:

genotype

phenotype

homozygous

heterozygous

purebred

hybrid

Punnett Square

Mendel (who he was)

Dominant

Recessive

Allele

Gene

Trait

Centriole

Spindle fibers

Centromere

Chromosome

Chromatid

Chromatin

Cytokinesis

Gamete

Homologous chromosome

Haploid versus diploid cells

Tetrad

Crossing over

Nucleotide

P Generation

F Generation

Dihybrid Cross

Monohybrid Cross

Karyotype

Amniocentesis

Chorionic villus sampling/biopsy

RhoGAM

Rh Factor

Spermatogenesis

Spermatocyte

Oogenesis

Oocyte

Polar Body

Polygenic traits

  • Examples of polygenic traits in humans (Coin Child Activity)
  • How to solve basic monohybrid (one factor) and dihybrid (two factor) crosses using Punnett Squares
  • How to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of individuals by analyzing a pedigree or results in a Punnett Square
  • A description of people afflicted with and the inheritance pattern of:

Tay-Sachs Disease

Cystic Fibrosis

Huntington Disease

Sickle Cell Anemia

  • How to solve genetics problems relating to above disorders
  • Ethnicities, religions, races, or other groups which are disproportionately affected by the above diseases
  • Which genetic diseases/disorders are sex-linked and descriptions of people afflicted by those diseases
  • How to solve genetics problems relating to sex-linked disorders (Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy)
  • How to solve genetics problems dealing with the inheritance of bloodtype
  • What the Rh Factor is
  • From which of the four blood groups (A, B, AB, or O) a person can receive blood safely if he/she knows his/her bloodtype
  • The definition of nondisjunction and disorders caused by this process
  • Characteristics and karyotypes of a person who has:

Down Syndrome

Turner Syndrome

Klinefelter Syndrome

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