Chromatin Structure

Table 1 Examples of genes that could cause chromosomal instability (CIN) in cancers when mutated. The list includes some genes from S. cerevisiae for which a role in CIN has been proposed, but for which human homologs have not been described (italic). Genes are listed in only one category though some have several functions. Reviews are in red.

FunctionExamples

Chromatin Structure

DNA methylationDnmt11,2, DNMT23, DNMT3A4, DNMT3B4

DNA acetylationHD15, HD26, HDAC37

Chromatin condensationDNA topoisomerases (II 8, II 9, TOP310),

helicases11 (e.g., BLM12, WRN13)

Microtubules

Microtubule formation & motorsdynein and kinesin superfamilies14, dynactin15, tubulin16

Microtubule associated proteinsMAP family17-19, cytoplasmic linker proteins

(e.g., CLIP-17020), EB121, Stt421,

G-proteins22, CIN1, 2 and 423

Kinetochore

Kinetochore binding proteinsCENP-A, B, C, D, E, F, G24, 25; INCENPs26,27, CAS28, Cse229

Centrosomeaurora2/STK230, 31, PLK132, Nep133, NIMA-related kinases (e.g., NEK234)

Checkpoints

Mitotic spindle checkpointMAD135, MAD236, MAD2B37, BUB138, BUBR138, Bub239, BUB340, MPS1L1(TTK)41, 42, p55CDC43, 44, dma145

DNA damage checkpointATM46, chk147, ATR48, BRCA149, BRCA249, HsRad5150, XRCC151, XRCC252, XRCC352, p5353

Cell cycle regulatorsmitotic cyclins54

MAP kinases (e.g., p42 MAPK55)

CDKs and CDK inhibitors56, 57

Anaphase Promoting Complex

Complex forming proteinsApc158, cullins (APC259, CUL159, CUL359, CUL459, CUL559, CUL-260), Cdc27Hs(APC3)61, APC459, APC559, Cdc16Hs(APC6)61, APC759, CDC359,

CDC23(APC8)59, Apc1162, Cdc2663

Regulators of APCHct1/Cdh164, hCDC20/p55CDC65, CDC5L66,67

UbiquitinationNEDD868, UbcH1069

Chromatid cohesion

CohesinsScc1/Mcd170-72, Scc270, SB1.873, Smc274, HCAP75, Smc476, Mis472

Regulators of chromatid cohesionRCC177, Ase178, Pds179, Esp180, 81

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