Christianity and Medieval Civilization Notes
The Papal Monarchy
The Pope and the Papal States
Territories in central Italy directly controlled by the pope
Involved more in political matters
Bishops and abbots as vassals to lords
Owned fiefs given by lords
Required to uphold same responsibilities as other vassals, such as . . . .
Political vs. spiritual obligations
Would the church become more involved in political matters than spiritual?
The Crusades
Original Goals
Urban II
Crusade (1096 – 1099 A.D.)
Knights and peasants fought
Poorly organized
Crusade (1147 – 1149 A.D.)
Muslim leader regains Jerusalem
Crusade (1189 – 1191 A.D.)
– went home
– drowned
– worked out a truce with Saladin
Crusade (1202 – 1204 A.D.)
Didn’t even reach the Holy Land, instead, looted !
Children’s Crusades
French = led by a 12 year old, resulted in everyone dying or sold into slavery
German = told them to go home, lived
Results of Crusades
Failure of the later crusades cut the pope’s power, why?
Death of many knights cut the power of nobles, why?
Contact with the East increased trade in Europe, why?
Christian’s harsh treatment of Muslims led to bitterness between the groups
Spanish Crusade
Christian leaders try to kick Muslims out of Spain
Reconquista (1100s – 1492)
Over time, many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity, but were not trusted (accused of heresy)
Reform of the Papacy
Lay investiture
Through feudal system
Pope Gregory VII
“ ” - popes authority extended over all of
Wanted to end
King Henry IV of Germany - relied on church officials throughout his administration
1075, Gregory orders end to practice
(1122)
Bishop elected by church official first, then paid homage to the king as his feudal lord, then receives symbols from a representative of the pope
The Church Supreme
Innocent III
Started Crusade
Approved and orders
Politically involved in politics all over Europe
Interdict -
King Philip Augustus of France
Innocent III forced King Philip to take back his wife when he tried to get his marriage annulled
New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideas
Cistercian Order (1098)
Very simple clothing, no decorations
More time working and praying
Focus on active religious practices
Saint Bernard
Women
Convents were used if women didn’t want to marry
Places for women to become educated
Lived among the people
Encouraged people to live a simple, poor life like early Christians
– Spain
Heresy – religious ideas different than the teachings of the church
Men who lived in poverty attempting to end heretical movements
“Spanish” Inquisition
Accused confessed =
Starting in 1252, if you did not confess you were tortured until you or you were
Witch trials, Galileo, etc.
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
Church was a part of everyone’s daily life
Baptism, Lord’s Supper, etc.
Given by clergy and Christians felt it was required to gain salvation
Saints – people who had earned a special place in heaven
Virgin Mary –
Relics –