Multiple Choice
Choose the letter of the best answer. (15 credits)
_____1.The beak types of different Galápagosfinch species are examples of
a.analogous structures.
b.vestigial structures.
c.fossils.
d.adaptations.
_____2.All the bald eagles in an areais an example of a(n)
a.population.
b.fossil.
c.species.
d.individual.
_____3.Charles Lyell developed a theory that states that geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past have stayed the same throughout time. This is the theory of
a.uniformitarianism.
b.evolution.
c.catastrophism.
d.adaptation.
_____4.The false idea that a high-jumper who trains to become a champion will have descendants who can jump exceptionally high is known as the
a.theory of uniformitarianism.
b.principle of gradualism.
c.process of artificial selection.
d.inheritance of acquired characteristics.
_____5.The variations in the features of the tortoise populations on Albemarle and Abingdon islands, shown in Figure 10.1, are examples of
FIG. 10.1
a.vestigial structures.
b.molecular fingerprinting.
c.acquired characteristics.
d.natural selection.
_____6.The small, non-functional pelvic bones of a boa constrictor are examples of
a.homologous structures.
b.vestigial structures.
c.fossil structures.
d.analogous structures.
7. In the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin saw different species of finch on different islands. This led him to theorize that species
a.create their own environment.
b.can adapt to their environment.
c.choose their best environment.
d.are found in many environments.
_____8.Charles Darwin discovered fossils ofhuge animals that resembled modern animals. This led him to conclude that the age of Earth was
a.less than 6000 years.
b.just 1000 years.
c.much more than 6000 years.
d.exactly 6000 years.
_____9.Which of the following lists the four main principles of the theory of natural selection?
a.adaptation, inheritance of acquired characteristics, overproduction, variation
b.adaptation, inheritance of acquired characteristics, heritability, variation
c.adaptation, descent with modification, heritability, variation
d.adaptation, descent with modification, overproduction, variation
_____ 10. Dog breeds, such as beagles, Border collies, and German shepherds, were produced by the process of
a.natural selection.
b.artificial selection.
c.descent without modification.
d.inheritance of acquired characteristics.
_____ 11. As an environment changes, and some organisms have a higher fitness than others, natural selection acts directly on
a.existing variations.
b.genetic material.
c.acquired traits.
d.individual organisms.
_____ 12. The hind leg bones
shown in the whalein Figure 10.2 are
FIG. 10.2
a.fossil structures from an extinct ancestor.
b.structures analogous to the wings of an early ancestor.
c.vestigial structures that functioned in an early ancestor.
d.homologous structures to the wings of flying insects.
___10. If the actual allele frequencies in a population do not match genotype frequencies predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the population is
a.isolated. c.shrinking.
b.extinct. d.evolving.
_____ 11. Which of the five factors that can lead to evolution would operate on a change in body color that enabled animals to better hide from predators?
a.natural selection
b.genetic drift
c.sexual selection
d.gene flow
_____ 12. Reproductive isolation occurs when
a.a small number of individuals moves and starts a new population.
b.some catastrophic event greatly reduces the size of a population.
c.the gene pools of different populations have become very diversified.
d.members of different populations can no longer mate successfully.
_____1.Fossils that consist of minerals that have filled in an open mold of an organism are called
a.permineralized.
b.natural casts.
c.preserved remains.
d.trace fossils.
_____2.Which of the following characteristics must a good index fossil have?
a.very rare, easy to identify, existed for a brief time, occurs in a local area
b.somewhat rare, hard to identify, existed for a brief time, widespread
c.common, hard to identify, existed for a long time, widespread
d.very common, easy to identify, existed for a brief time, widespread
_____3.The smallest unit of geologic time is a(n)
a.epoch. c.era.
b.period. d.eon.
_____ 13. What type of isolation occurs when the timing of reproduction is different between two populations?
a.geographic
b.temporal
c.behavioral
d.selective
_____ 14. Coevolution is a process in which species
a.evolve similar characteristics in different habitats.
b.become increasingly different from each other.
c.become extinct and are lost permanently.
d.evolve in response to changes in each other.
_____ 15. Two species that are closely related become increasingly different through
a.divergent evolution.
b.disruptive selection.
c.convergent isolation.
d.competitive relationships.
_____ 10. The first land organisms emerged during the
a.Cretaceous period.
b.Paleozoic era.
c.Mesozoic era.
d.Tertiary period.
_____ 11. The Age of Reptiles is a term often used to describe the
a.Mesozoic era.
b.Paleozoic era.
c.Cenozoic era.
d.Precambrian Time.
_____ 12. Which unit of geologic time followedthe mass extinction of dinosaurs?
a.Cambrian period
b.Jurassic period
c. Mesozoic era
d.Cenozoic era
_____ 13. What group of animals includes modern humans?
a.reptiles
b.trilobites
c.primates
d.marsupials
_____ 14. The fossil record identifies the hominid with the largest brain as
a.Homo neanderthalensis
b.Homo sapiens.
c.Homo habilis
d.Australopithecus afarensis
_____ 15. Fossil evidence suggests Homo sapiens first appeared
a.4 million years ago.
b.200,000 years ago.
c.20,000 years ago.
d.20 million years ago.
FIG.11.3
16. In a desert environment, cacti are eaten by peccaries, a type of wild pig. What type of selection is shown in Figure 11.3?
______
17. How does this type of selection occur?
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18. What would happen to the graph if the peccaries began eating more of the very spiny cacti?
______
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19. What is the most common number of spines in the new cactus population?
______
20. Why are cacti with the most spines becoming more common?
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17.Which is the smallest unit of geologic time in Figure 12.3 that includes the present time?
______
18.The largest mass extinction in Earth’s history occurred 248 million years ago. What units ofgeologic timedidthisevent divide?
______
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19.A group of fossils that look similar to modern organisms would most likely be found from which era?
______
20.What periods make up the Paleozoic era?
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FROGS
Know: Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Family, Genus