Child Sexual Exploitation Protocol
Operational Guidance for Staff
September 2014
2
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
1. What is sexual exploitation 1
2. Grooming 2
3. Who is involved 2
4. Identifying risk 2
5. Risk behaviours 3
6. Consent to sexual activity 4
7. Making a referral 5
8. Child/young person already known to Preventative 5
& Safeguarding Services
9. Multi-agency planning meeting 6
Introduction
The sexual exploitation of children and young people has been identified throughout the UK in both urban and rural areas. It is a form of sexual abuse and can have a significant long term impact on the lives of the children involved.
Action to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people who are sexually exploited should be child centred and focus on the child’s needs. Those working with children and young people should engage with them and their families throughout the process, unless this would place a child at greater risk or impede a police investigation.
Professionals should be aware that children and young people do not always acknowledge what may be an exploitative and abusive situation and disclosure of this form of abuse by a child or young person is rare. Very often children and young people do not consider themselves to be victims of exploitation.
1. What is child sexual exploitation?
1.1 Sexual exploitation can take many forms from the seemingly “consensual” relationship where sex is exchanged for attention, affection, accommodation or gifts to serious organised crime and child trafficking. What marks out exploitation is an imbalance of power within the relationship. The perpetrator always holds some kind of power over the victim, increasing the dependence of the victim as the exploitative relationship develops.
1.2 Sexual exploitation involves varying degrees of coercion, intimidation or enticement, including unwanted pressure from their peers to have sex, sexual bullying (including cyber bullying), and grooming for sexual activity. Technology can also play a part in sexual abuse, for example, through its use to record abuse and share it with other like-minded individuals or as a medium to access children and young people in order to groom them. A common factor in all cases is the lack of free economic or moral choice.
1.3 Working Together to Safeguard Children 2015 and the National Working Group for Sexually Exploited Children and Young People define sexual exploitation as:
“Sexual exploitation of children and young people under 18 involves exploitative situations, contexts and relationships where young people (or a third person or persons) receive ‘something’ (e.g. food, accommodation, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money) as a result of them performing, and/or another or others performing on them, sexual activities. Child sexual exploitation can occur through the use of technology without the child’s immediate recognition; for example, being persuaded to post sexual images on the Internet/mobile phones without immediate payment or gain. In all cases, those exploiting the child/young person have power over them by virtue of their age, gender, intellect, physical strength and/or economic or other resources. Violence, coercion and intimidation are common, involvement in exploitative relationships being characterised in the main by the child or young person’s limited availability of choice resulting from their social/economic and/or emotional vulnerability”.
2. Grooming
2.1 Many children and young people are groomed into sexually exploitative relationships but other forms of sexual exploitation exist. Some young people are engaged in informal economies that incorporate the exchange of sexual intercourse, or sexual acts, for rewards such as drugs, alcohol, money or gifts. Others exchange sexual intercourse, or sexual acts, for accommodation or money as a consequence of homelessness and experiences of poverty. Some young people have been bullied and threatened into sexual activities by peers or gangs which is then used against them as a form of extortion and to keep them compliant.
2.2 The Child Exploitation Online Protection Centre (CEOP) has completed analysis of grooming methods used by offenders, with CEOP proposing a further definition of “street grooming” as follows:
“Where children have been groomed and sexually exploited by an offender, having initially met in a location outside their home, usually in public, such as a park, cinema, on the street or at a friend’s house. Offenders often act together, establishing a relationship with a child or children before sexually exploiting them. Victims may believe that the offender is an older “boyfriend”. These victims introduce their peers to the offender group, who might then go on to be sexually exploited as well. Abuse may occur at a number of locations within a region and on several occasions”.
3. Who is involved
3.1 Although the predominant evidence is of men sexually abusing children and young people, both men and women have been known to sexually exploit young men and young women. There is a presumption that children and young people are sexually exploited by people they do not know. However, evidence shows that they are often abused by ‘boyfriends’ or people with whom they feel they have a relationship. Professionals should also be alert to organised familial abuse or abuse within closed community groups, including sexual exploitation and the making and distribution of abusive images of children and trafficking of children into, within and outside of the United Kingdom.
3.2 Groups and gangs
Child Sexual Exploitation can be carried out by lone offenders, referred to as the “inappropriate relationship” or “boyfriend” model of CSE. The Inquiry by the Office of the Children’s Commissioner, published in November 2012, focuses on exploitation by gangs and groups, and adopts the following definitions:
· Gangs - these mainly comprising men and boys aged 13 - 25 years old, who take part in many forms of criminal activity, such as knife crime or robbery, who can engage in violence against other gangs, and who have identifiable markers such as territory, a name, sometimes clothing etc. While children can be sexually exploited by a gang, this is not the reason why a gang is formed; and
· Groups – these involve people who come together in person or online for the purpose of setting up, co-ordinating and/or taking part in the sexual exploitation of children in either an organised or opportunistic way.
3.3 Well-established processes to identify organised criminality which would meet the definition of “gangs” have not found evidence in North Tyneside of any organised CSE by gangs but it is acknowledged by all LSCB member agencies and stakeholders that vigilance and proactive and accurate gathering and sharing of information and intelligence is essential to combat the threat of gang-related CSE.
3.4 In respect of “groups”, all LSCB member agencies and stakeholders are committed to improving the recognition, identification and sharing of information and intelligence in relation to child sexual exploitation committed by two or more persons. Where the circumstances present the opportunity for prosecution, Police will always pursue the criminal justice route. Where opportunities for prosecution are not evident, Police will undertake to carry out a range of disruption techniques against the perpetrators to minimise the risk of further harm and complement the interventions being provided to support the victims and their carers.
4. Identifying risk
4.1 The earlier that sexual exploitation, or likelihood of it, can be identified, the more opportunities there are to prevent or minimise the harm suffered by a child or young person. Children and young people who are at risk of sexual exploitation or who are being sexually exploited may display highly complex and challenging behaviours.
Anyone who has regular contact with children and young people is in a good position to notice changes in behaviour and physical signs, which may indicate involvement in sexual exploitation. Experience has shown that parents, carers, teachers and youth workers are particularly well placed to notice these changes.
4.2 Victims may appear abusive and anti-social, often involved in criminal acts and may become involved in bullying and exploitative activities towards others. These behaviours may mean that professionals can experience difficulty in recognising the young people’s vulnerability and in responding to it. However, it is also important to recognise that some young people who are being sexually exploited do not exhibit any external signs of this abuse.
4.3 A detailed definition and more risk indicators are contained in the Supplementary Guidance Safeguarding Children & Young People from Sexual Exploitation (DCSF guidance).
4.4 Below are some examples of vulnerability factors linked to child sexual exploitation. It is important to be aware of these background concerns when completing any assessment of risk:
· family history of abuse or neglect
· family history of domestic abuse
· family history of substance misuse
· family history of mental health difficulties
· breakdown of family relationships
· low self-esteem
· history of local authority care
· death or illness of a significant person in the child’s life
· bullying in or out of school
· prolonged absence from school
· being looked after in residential care
· going missing frequently
5. Risk behaviours
5.1 The following is not an exhaustive list but is intended as a guide and should be considered in a wider assessment of the child or young person’s needs and circumstances:
· Association with older adults. This may be in the form of a relationship in which the adult grooms the child or young person into a situation whereby they can then sexually exploit them. It may be that the child or young person has a perception that the adult is their partner or they associate regularly with one or more older adults.
· Running away or frequently missing from home, care or education with whereabouts unknown. Missing from home does not have to only be at night as sexual exploitation of children and young people can happen at any time of the day and can be for short periods of time.
· Possession of unexplained gifts, money or alcohol. This may include a new mobile phone which can be used by an abuser to keep track of the child or young person, or may be used by the child or young person to arrange meetings with the abusers.
· Association with other children and young people who are involved in child sexual exploitation.
· Association with others involved in criminality and/or gangs.
· Being dropped off or picked up by an unknown adult. This may include being transported by the same taxi driver or company despite the child or young person generally being unable to afford taxi fares.
· Physical symptoms such as sexually transmitted infections, bruising or marks in places that would suggest physical assault including sexual assault and pregnancy.
· Reports that a child or young person has been seen in locations known or suspected to be associated with the sexual exploitation of children. This may include certain streets, local parks, shopping areas, flats or houses, or through the use of social media such as the internet and mobile phones.
6. Consent to sexual activity
6.1 In assessing whether a child or young person is a victim of sexual exploitation, or at risk of becoming a victim, careful consideration should be given to the issue of consent. It is important to bear in mind that:
· A child under the age of 13 is not legally capable of consenting to sex (it is statutory rape) or any other type of sexual touching;
· Sexual activity with a child under 16 is also an offence;
· It is an offence for a person to have a sexual relationship with a 16 or 17 year old if they hold a position of trust or authority in relation to them;
· Where sexual activity with a 16 or 17 year old does not result in an offence being committed, it may still result in harm, or the likelihood of harm being suffered;
· Non consensual sex is rape whatever the age of the victim; and
· If the victim is incapacitated through drink or drugs, or the victim of his or her family has been subject to violence or the threat of it, they cannot be considered to have given true consent and therefore offences may have been committed.
6.2 Child sexual exploitation is therefore potentially a child protection issue for all children under the age of 18 years, and not just those in a specific age group. The fact that a young person is 16 or 17 years old and has reached the legal age of being able to consent to sex should not be taken as a sign that they are no longer at risk of sexual exploitation. These young people are still defined as children under the Children Act 2004. They can still suffer significant harm as a result of sexual exploitation and their right to support and protection from harm should not be ignored or de-prioritised by services because they are over the age of 16, or no longer in statutory education or training.
7. Making a referral
7.1 All agencies working with children, young people and their families have a responsibility to be alert to signs of potential concern ranging from early identification of additional need to the need to protect from significant harm.
7.2 When any worker identifies the possibility that a child or young person is being sexually exploited they should discuss this with their manager or designated safeguarding lead within their organisation.
7.3 A referral should be made to the Front Door Service, Children’s Social Care specifically as a sexually exploited child/young person.
7.4 The duty senior will assess the referral information and make a decision on the need for an Initial Assessment. The decision will be shared with the referrer.
7.5 Where the criteria for a Section 47 enquiry i.e. risk of significant harm or likelihood of significant harm, a strategy meeting must be held (see child protection procedures).
7.6 To assist the assessment process a risk assessment tool (appendix 1) should be completed in conjunction with the Initial Assessment.
7.7 During the process of undertaking an Initial Assessment for reasons other than CSE, there is the potential that the worker may identify that a child/young person is at risk of sexual exploitation. In these cases the risk assessment tool will be utilised.