Name ______Date ______

Chemistry in Biology NOTES

I. Introduction to Chemistry

a.  Element: Substance consisting entirely of one type of ______.

Examples: ______, ______, ______

b. A subscript is a small lowered number after a symbol for an ______.

H2O– the 2 is lowered and considered a subscript.

The 2 indicates how many ______of the element are present in that compound.

c.  Compound: A substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in

definite proportions.

Examples: ______(______), ______(______), ______(______)

d. Chemical Formula: States how many atoms are in each molecule.

- How many carbon atoms are in C6 H12 O6? ______

- How many hydrogen atoms? ______- How many oxygen atoms? ______

- Let’s say I give you a chemical equation like—

CO2 + H2O ------C6 H12 O6 + O2

What are the names of these compounds?

CO2 ______

H2O ______

C6 H12 O6 ______

O2 ______

Could you tell me which side are the reactants and which side are the products in the

above chemical formula?

- Reactants are: ______

- Products are: ______

III. Organic Molecules

There are 4 organic molecules

–  Carbohydrates

–  Lipids

–  Proteins

–  Nucleic Acids

* These are also called ______

a. Carbohydrate: Organic compound containing Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen with a ______

of 1:2:1

- Carbohydrates are basically ______and ______.

- ***Most of an organisms’ ______ come from carbohydrates!***

- Monosaccharides are simple ______molecules.

Examples: This is glucose, galactose and fructose.

______is C6H12O6

1 : 2 : 1

- Many monosaccharides together make up polysaccharides. This is the excess sugar that

we store as glycogen that can turn into fat

Carbohydrates Video Questions:

1. Sugars belong to a class of chemicals called ______.

2. What is glucose made-up of? ______

3. What is a good example of a very long polymer of glucose called ______.

4. Starches are nothing more than very long chains of ______.

b. Lipids: This is FAT.

- Lipids: these are used to ______ energy.

- They are found in cell ______.

- Fats, oils, & waxes

- Also ______proofs

c. Nucleic Acids

- Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus

- Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or ______information.

- Nucleotides consist of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base.

- 2 types: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (______) & Ribonucleic Acid (______)

Nucleic Acids Video Questions:

1. Nucleic acids are made up of long chains of subunits called ______.

2. Chromosomes contain huge molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid also known as ______.

d. Proteins: are composed of smaller units called ______.

- Amino Acids: Are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and

hydrogen.

- A catalyst, as well as an enzyme, is a substance that ______the activation energy

needed to start a chemical reaction.

- Catalysts ______chemical reactions thousands of times faster.

- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

* Enzymes are made of ______.

Example: Amylase found in saliva.

Amylase speeds up the breakdown of amylose, a substance in starch (in foods).

- Most enzymes are specific to ____ reaction

Review Questions

1.  Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule?

  1. Carbohydrate
  2. Lipid
  3. Salt
  4. Nucleic acid

2.  Which of the following foods is NOT an example of a carbohydrate?

  1. sugar
  2. potatoes
  3. bread
  4. meat

3.  Genetic material is made with this macromolecule:

  1. Nucleic acid
  2. Lipid
  3. Protein
  4. Carbohydrate

4.  Which of the following is NOT a sugar?

  1. Glucose
  2. Sucrose
  3. Lactose
  4. Pepsin

5.  Enzymes are which type of macromolecule?

  1. Lipids
  2. Carbohydrate
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids

6.  What do enzymes do during a reaction?

  1. Nothing
  2. Slows it down
  3. Speed it up
  4. Burns it up

7.  What two conditions change how enzymes work?

  1. Water and temperature
  2. Temperature and pH
  3. Solid and gas
  4. None of the above