Chemistry II Honors Portfolio

Chemistry II Honors Portfolio:

Aspirin Synthesis, Analysis and Presentation

3rd Quarter Spring 2006

Instructor: Mrs. V. Hall

GROUP #: ______
STUDENTS: ______

______

STATION:______

SPEC-20 #: ______

GC #:______

Tentative Guidelines and Schedule:

Pre Week: Choose Groups (3 students per group), go over tentative schedule and needed ‘outside’ supplies for lab.

Week 1: Aspirin Synthesis and Mel-Temp Analysis of Aspirin

Week 2 and 3: Make standard and test samples. Spec-20 analysis of standard and samples.

Week 4: GC analysis of standard and samples

Week 5 and 6: PowerPoint presentation(s), abstracts, and papers. Presentation order to be determined.

Week 7 and 8: Presentations, abstracts and papers are to be complete. Presentations are to start (one per day). Guest graders are to be invited to participate in the presentations.

Paper Guidelines:

Title

Participants

Abstract

Introduction

Background information

Any previous research

Objectives of the research

Cite references (follow paper example)

Methods

Labs used

Other calculations necessary to obtain data

Cite references (follow paper example)

Results

Individual lab results with data to support results

Charts and graphs (referenced, titled) are appropriate in this section

Statistical interpretations

Percent relationships

Cite references (follow paper example)

Discussion

Explanation of results and its impact on the objectives of the results

Charts and graphs (referenced, titled) are appropriate in this section

Explanation of contradictive results based on direct observations/conclusions

Explanation of contradictive results based on drawn conclusions

Limitations to the research

Strengths of the research

Cite references (follow paper example)

Conclusion

Relate to observed data and objectives of research

Recommendations with examples

Cite references (follow paper example)

References

Alphabetical order and numbered

Helpful Information:

Presentation Guidelines:

Slide information

40 PowerPoint slides minimum
cover slide
title
presenters names
class
instructor
date
abstract slide
reference slide
Slides should contain the following

Some animation
data charts
data graphs
photos of actual lab work
molecular model of acetylsalicylic acid

Presentation Guidelines

30-60 minute presentation
All group members must participate in the presentation
1 print out of the PowerPoint presentation (6 slides per page)
Handouts of the abstract for observers (if you would like me to photocopy your

abstracts, they must be given to me 2 days prior to your presentation date)

Abstract Guidelines:

Introduction

Writing in chemistry is similar to writing in other disciplines in that your paper must have a clear purpose that explains why you are writing, a thesis statement or main idea that defines the problem to be addressed, and background information wherever necessary. In addition, you should include evidence in the form of figures, graphs, and tables to support your argument.

Abstracts
You will be asked to write an abstract -- a single-spaced paragraph summary that briefly states the purpose of the experiment, important results (and how the results were obtained), and conclusions. Ideally, the abstract can be thought of as one or two sentences from each section of the paper that form a cohesive paragraph that summarizes the entire paper. The abstract should be single spaced unless you receive other instructions from your professor. An example of an abstract with an alternative layout is provided for your use below.

When writing an abstract, you should avoid too much experimental detail (e.g. concentration of stock solutions used) or preliminary results (i.e. "raw" data). In addition, make certain that the purpose of the experiment is stated clearly and early in the abstract. Ideally, it should be stated in the first or second sentence.

Discipline-Specific Strategies

Chemistry papers should be written in passive voice (unless you receive other instructions from your professor).

Abbreviations or acronyms must be explained the first time they are used.

Figures, graphs, and tables must be titled and referenced in the text.

References (including textbooks and lab manuals) must be cited and numbered consecutively with the superscript number corresponding to that reference in the reference section of the paper. The use of superscript suffices as the mode of reference because it eliminates the need for in-text citations and footnotes.

Watch Out for…

Organization: As for all lab reports, chemistry reports are very structured and must be highly organized in a logical way. Organization of results is especially important. Your results and discussion sections, as well as tables and figures, should be organized in a way that leads the reader to draw the same conclusion that you did based on your data. Don't just tack on a graph at the end of the paper or arbitrarily put your results into a table. Think about how you can use tables to make comparisons between your data and literature or reference values. Think about the format of your tables and the chronology of your results section. How can you present your results so that the reader is already convinced of your conclusion before you explicitly state it?

Repetition: If you've already said it once, don't say it again. You can refer to other parts of your paper instead of repeating explanations or facts. If you've already written an experimental methods section, you've already explained your procedure; there is no need to provide procedural details again when you talk about results. If the procedure you used came from a published article, provide a short summary, explain any alterations, and then give the citation. Also, if you explain someone else's experimental results in the introduction, it is acceptable to write statements like, "As discussed above, Khmelnitsky, et al. found contradictory results" in your results section. Repetitious or unnecessary words or figures are unwelcome.

Distraction: Remember that the whole point of writing a chemistry paper is to present results and prove your conclusion based on those results. There are a lot of numbers, facts, and procedure information that you can easily get bogged down by. Just remember that ultimately you have to convince the reader that your conclusion is accurate. If you feel overwhelmed by the amount of information you have to include, try making a flow chart that shows the logical progression of your procedure. Or create your figures and tables first, and then use them as an outline or guide to write your results section. Take a look at published articles to get a sense of how others organize papers and what kinds of phrases and sentence structure are useful and accepted.

Preparation and Characterization of … (place your title here)

(names of all group members listed here)

Introduction: The required styles illustrated in this Microsoft WORD document, must be used as a template for production of abstracts, by replacing the relevant text with your own. The easiest way to use this abstract form is by cutting and pasting of unformatted text to maintain the present format.

Matherials and Methods. The top margin should be set to I in, bottom margin to 1 in, 1eft and right margins to 1 in. The body of the document should be set in 11 pt Times New Roman, justified, with single line-spacing. Do not use fonts other than Times New Roman (or Times) and Symbol (excluding equations and figures). Title should be in bold all-caps. Author should be listed consecutively (as shown above) by initials and last name. Sample reference entries [l-3] are given in the References section. References should be set as one block, as below, and a maximum of four main references may be used in the abstract (a complete list of references must be included with your paper).

Results and Discussion. Figures should use Figure style and have the caption below them. Tables should use Table style and have the caption above them. Figure and table caption styles are FigCaption and TableCaption, respectively. Scanned figures should have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi for an 80 mm figure width. JPEG is the preferred format. Equations should use Equation style:

(1)

and should be tab centered, with the number in parentheses on the right.

(a) (b)

Fig.1 The SEM micrographs of air-facing surface (a) and glass-facing surface (b) for sample CHI.

Table 1 The charge distribution at the atoms implied in 3+3 DTD for the most stable conformers of BPPBM.

C8 / N13 / N12 / C11 / C14
Ia / 0.139 / -0.387 / 0.867 / -0.499 / -0.617
IIa / 0.085 / -0.237 / 0.330 / -0.224 / -0.246
Ib / 0.154 / -0.359 / 0.874 / -0.501 / -0.606
IIb / 0.024 / -0.153 / 0.465 / -0.335 / -0.310

Conclusions. Abstracts must not exceed ONE PAGE. Please submit the abstract as a Word document. Only typed submissions will be accepted. The abstracts may be submitted via e-mail (attachment) labeled with group number as the file name.

References

M. T. Qurashi, H. S. Blair, and S. J. Allen, Journal Appl. Polym.Sci., vol 46, nr.2, 255-261 (1992).
C. Ciobanu, P. Afloarei, C. Bîrlădeanu and C. V. Culic, Brevet Ro. 93590/25.06,1987.
Zugrăvescu and M. Petrovanu, “N-Ylid Chemistry”, Ed. Academic Press, Mc. Graw Hill, London, (1976).
J.W. Boretos, in “Polyurethanes in Biomedical Engineering”, eds. H. Plank, G. Egbers, and I. Syre, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, p.135.

Melting Point Data Collection Sheet:

Temperature (oC) / Temperature (oC)
Salicylic Acid / Beg ------End / YOUR Sample / Beg ------End
Capillary A / Capillary A
Capillary B / Capillary B
Capillary C / Capillary C
Average / Average
Store Brand : ______/ Beg ------End / Chem I Sample / Beg ------End
Capillary A / Capillary A
Capillary B / Capillary B
Capillary C / Capillary C
Average / Average
Store Brand : ______/ Beg ------End / Acetyl Salicylic Acid / Beg ------End
Capillary A / Capillary A
Capillary B / Capillary B
Capillary C / Capillary C
Average / Average

Mathematical Calculation sheet for the making of the samples and standard:

Standard Ratios: Aspirin: NaOH: Water (0.4:10:250)

Your Aspirin Sample / Store Brand: ______/ Store Brand: ______/ Chemistry I Sample
Weighboat
Sample weight

Formula for # of samples: Sample weight / # of samples

Your Aspirin Sample / Store Brand: ______/ Store Brand: ______/ Chemistry I Sample
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
Sample 5

Formula for divider: 0.4 / sample mass

Formula for Amount of NaOH needed per sample: 10/divider

Your Aspirin Sample / Store Brand: ______/ Store Brand: ______/ Chemistry I Sample
NaOH needed

Formula for Amount of H2O needed per sample: 250/divider

Your Aspirin Sample / Store Brand: ______/ Store Brand: ______/ Chemistry I Sample
H2O needed

Calculated Data sheet for the making of the samples and standard:

ACTUAL Data Sheet for the making of the samples and standards

Data Sheets for Spec-20 analysis: Sample ______

Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration / Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration
Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration / Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration
Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration / Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration
Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration / Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration
Wavelength / transmittance / absorbance / concentration

Data Sheets for Spec-20 analysis: Sample ______

Lab Equipment Page:

Name of Equipment / Cost Amount ($) / Quantity (#) / Total Price ($ x # =)
10 mL graduated cylinder / 11.77
250 mL volumetric flask / 19.12
500 mL round bottom flask / 9.90
250 mL Erlenmeyer flask / 3.68
Dropper bottles / 2.49
Cap for volumetric flask / 2.33
Stand for graduated cylinder / 4.50
Other: Box for keeping supplies
Other: 3 film canisters
Other: CD (R or RW)
Other: Disc
Other: Thumbdrive (portable memory)
Other: digital camera / camera phone
Other: camera (develop film to CD)
Other: graphing paper
Other: overhead transparency film
Other:
Other:
Other:
Other:
Other:
Other:
Other:
Other:
Other:
Other:

Lab Write-up Procedures:

Cover Page:
title of lab
your name
your partners name(s)
date lab was performed
teachers name
block

Objective (s)

Material
Chemical material
Equipment

Safety

Procedure (s)

Data
Charts
Graphs
Pictures
Photos
Written
Mathematical

Questions with answers highlighted or in bold

Conclusion
Explanation of results
Why the laboratory went wrong
Modification / Improvements to laboratory

Lab Write-ups may be handwritten or may be computerized (typed) for EXTRA CREDIT.

Lab Write-ups are due on the day assigned. If they are turned in late it is 10 points off your write-up PER DAY (INCLUDING Saturday and Sunday). You are given at least a week turn around on labs; therefore, I expect them on time.

Introduction

The melting point of a compound is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid. This is a physical property often used to identify compounds or to check the compound’s purity. Strangely, it is difficult to find an actual melting point for most compounds, even with sophisticated equipment; usually, chemists settle on a melting range of 2 – 3 C. Fortunately, this is sufficient for most purposes.

Objectives

By doing this lab, students will be able to:

define melting point
demonstrate proper use of the melting-point apparatus
use melting point as a physical property in the identification of unknown compounds

Materials and Equipment

Mel-Temp® apparatusAcetone

ThermometerCapillary tubes

PestleSamples of solid organic compounds

Watch glass

Safety Considerations

As always, you should wear safety glasses/goggles when doing this experiment.
Be careful when handling glass thermometers – they aren’t that difficult to break.
Capillary tubes are very easy to break – and when they do, they have a tendency to puncture fingers or hands or leave small, sharp pieces of glass that are easy to miss when cleaning up the work area. Handle them with care!
The parts on the top of the Mel-Temp are hot when the unit is on. Do not touch these parts – you will get burned!
Do not place your eye on the eyepiece of the Mel-Temp – you will get burned!
Be careful when handling these compounds – some of them are skin and eye irritants.
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water when you’re finished with the lab.

Procedure A: Practice Compound

Your instructor will tell you which compound to use for practice. Place a small amount – no more than a few grains – of the practice compound on a watch glass. Use the pestle to gently grind it into a fine powder.
Take the pestle over to the fume hood – away from any heat source – and rinse any excess compound off the pestle with acetone. Dry the pestle thoroughly with a paper towel and bring it back to your lab station.
Push the open end of the capillary tube into the compound on your watch glass. Some of the compound will now be in the top of the tube. Gently tap the closed end of the tube on the bench top. This will pack the compound down in the closed end of the tube. Repeat this a couple of times until you have about 0.5 cm of the compound in the bottom of the tube (about half the width of your little finger, unless you have tiny hands).
Place the capillary tube in the chamber of the Mel-Temp apparatus and turn on the unit. Start with a setting of 1 or 2 and increase the power only in small increments as needed, and never above 5. Heating your com-pound slowly is the key to getting good results!
Observe the sample chamber frequently to make sure you don’t miss the melting point of your material. Heat the compound slowly and record the temperatures at which the compound begins to melt and the temperature when all of it has melted.
Use the table on the data sheet to identify your practice compound.

Procedure B: Identifying an Unknown Compound

After everything has had a chance to cool down a bit, repeat the above procedure for an unknown compound.

Make sure you record which sample you have!

Disposal and Cleanup

Pour any excess compound left on your watch glass into the trash can. Take your watch glass over to the vent hood and rinse off any remaining compound with acetone. Dry the glass thoroughly with a paper towel.
If you used a digital thermometer, make sure you turn it off before leaving the lab area. This helps prolong the battery life (and these batteries are expensive).
Make sure the Mel-Temp apparatus is turned off before you leave the lab area.
Throw away any used capillary tubes.
Put everything where it was before you started the lab.
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the lab area.

NAME

DATE PERIOD

Compound

/ Melting Point / Range
Acetylsalicylic acid / 135 – 136 C
Benzoic acid / 122 C
BHT (2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol) / 69 – 71 C
Citric acid / 153 C
Ethyl p-aminobenzoate / 88 – 90 C
Oxalic acid / 101.5 C
Palmitic acid / 61 – 64 C
Potassium iodide / 680 C
Sodium chloride / 804 C
Stearic acid / 71.2 C
TOP (4-(t-octyl)phenol) / 79 – 82 C
Urea / 132 C
Vanillin / 81 – 83 C

Practice Compounds Data

Practice Compound

/ Observed Melting Range, C

Unknown Compound Data

Observed melting range C

Identity of unknown compound

Questions

1. Define the “melting point” of a substance.

2. What is the purpose of determining melting points?