CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION
Thischapter presentsthe introductionof the research.Itdiscussesthe background,statementsof the problems,aimsof the study,scopeofthe study, significanceof thestudy,and organization ofthepaper.
A. Backgroundofthe Study
Inthemodernsocietynowadays,filmhasbecomeapartofpeople’sliving andexertedastrong influenceontheformationofpeople’slanguage,living patterns andevenvalues(Chang,2012:71).Film alsohasbeneficialeffectson learners’ language performanceinlisteningandspeaking,becausethe dialoguesworktogetherwithvisualimages,soundtracksandmusic(Chung,
1999;Lin,2002;Weyers,1999inChen,2012:89andChang,2012:71).Most ofthefilmsareproducedinHollywood.They havemanygoodfilmsquality from manygenres andareimported byour country.
SinceEnglishisnotthedaily languageforIndonesian,eitherinspokenor writtenform, manyof them cannot understand thewestern film’s dialog. Especially forpeoplewhoarelearninglanguagefromthefilm.Thus,film subtitle isneededtofacilitate the communicationbetweenthe viewersandthe film.Accordingtotheresearchresultthatwasconductedby Bianchiand Ciabattoni(2008),subtitlecanincreasethecomprehensionoflanguagein terms of vocabulary recognition and memorization in EFL learning. In addition,accordingtoSponholz (2003)inGhaemiandBenyamin (2010:41), watching subtitledprogramscanfosterforeignlanguageacquisitionand improve readingskills.
Unlikeliterary translation,subtitletranslationisaprocessoftransferringa verbal language into a written text, and highly dependent on subtitlingequipmenttopresentortransferinformationtotheviewers(ZhangandLiu,2009:113). Thetranslation ofutteranceshould besynchronized with the settings of the scenes, the identity of the characters, their movements, gestures, facial expressions, pauses and lip movements (Chang, 2012:71).
Inordertomakethesubtitlesmeetthequality requirements,thetranslator needsthetranslation procedures.Newmark(1988:81) states:“translation procedures areused for sentencesand smaller units of language.”
However, thetranslationproceduresthat areusedshouldbe simpleand understandable,becausesimultaneously theviewersshouldreadthesubtitle andwatchthefilmatthesametime.Theeffectivesubtitlewill givethe viewers a good responsetoward the film, even moreto those wholearn languagefromthefilm.On the other hand,theineffective subtitle willmake theviewersnotunderstandthemeaning oftheutteranceandgivethelearnera badresultof thestudy.Therefore,thesubtitleitselfshouldbe appropriatewith the contextof dialogue andthe culture of the source language towardsthe targetlanguageinthedialogue.Thisissupportedby Espindolaand Vasconcellos(2006:45)whostatesthatsubtitling isseenasapointofcontact and as a culture procedure, where different social practices meet in the shapingof oral andwritten exchange.
Thestudy oftranslationinfilmsubtitlinghasalreadybeenconductedby some previous researchers.ArieFirmansyah analyzed “AnalysisofSubtitling Strategies onthe MovieHarry Potterandthe ChamberofSecrets”in2008. The resultshowedthatGottlieb’sstrategies aremostappliedintranslating moviesubtitle.
Meanwhile, another researchpaperentitled“AnAnalysisof Translation ProceduresintheSubtitleofPerfume”by TresnaDindain2010showsa different result.The researcher used sometypesof translationproceduresthat are declared by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), Harvey (2003), Catford (1965), Larson (1998), Dryden in Munday (2001), andGottliebinTaylor(2000)andjudgedthatthetranslationofthemoviesubtitle is qualified onlyaccordingtothe theories that sheanalyzedbyherself,without askingthose whoare experiencedin translation fields.
Thefilmsubtitlethatwouldbeinvestigatedinthisstudyis“IntotheWild” whichisa2007Americandrama whichisadapted of the1996non-fiction book.Itisbasedonthetruestory ofChristophersMcCandleswhotravels acrossNorthAmericaandspendshislifeinAlaskanwildernessintheearly
1990s.Thisfilmhaswonmanyawardsandoverallquality isgood,hencethe researcherchallengestoobservethequality ofsubtitletranslationinthisfilm, because it willgive either a good orbad impact to the viewers.
Therefore,basedontheprecedingelaborationofarguments,thisresearch isspecifically designedtoanalyzetheprocedureoftranslatingthesubtitleof the film.Inaddition,toprovide the additional supporttowards the research result,theresearcherwouldalsoseekthehelp fromthreepersonswhoare experiencedintranslationinanalyzingthequality ofsubtitletranslationto compareitwith theresearcherjudgment based onthegood translation theories from some experts.
B. Statements oftheProblems
This research is carried out to analyzethe followingresearch questions.
1. WhattranslationproceduresareusedintheEnglish-Indonesiansubtitleof
“Into theWild”movie?
2. HowisthequalityofEnglish-Indonesiansubtitletranslationinthe“Into the Wild”movie?
C. Aims oftheStudy
Specifically, this researchis focused on two objectives.
1. Thestudy isaimedatinvestigatingthetranslationproceduresthatareused in translatingthe English-Indonesian subtitle of“Into the Wild”.
2. ThestudyisintendedtoanalyzethequalityofEnglish-Indonesiansubtitle translation in the movie “Into the Wild”, whether the translation is qualified or not.
D. ScopeoftheStudy
Thisresearchwillfocusonly onfindingoutthetypesoftranslation proceduresbasedonthetheoriesfromNewmark(1988),Vinay andDarbelnet (2000)inMunday (2001),DrydeninMunday(2001),Catford(1965)in Munday(2001),Delisle,Lee-JahnkeCormier(1999),andHarvey (2003); andidentifyingthetranslationqualityofEnglish-IndonesiansubtitleofInto theWildmovie basedonthetheoriesofsomecriteria ofgoodtranslationthat are declared by some experts, such as Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, and LeonardFoster(1958)inVenutti(2000),Newmark (1988), Tytler(1979) in Munday (2001),Benjamin(1969/2000)inMunday (2001),andMassoud (1988) and El Shafey(1985) in Abdellah (2005).
E. SignificanceoftheStudy
The findings of this studyaresignificantforthreeaspects.
1.From theoretical perspective, this research is expected to make a contributiontothe areaof translationproceduresinthe movie andenrich the previous researchfindings,becauseitinvolvesthe opinionof three personswhoareexpertintranslationinanalyzingthequality ofmovie translation.
2. Fromprofessionalsignificance,itisalsoexpectedthattheresearchwould provide referenceto theprofessional translators or students in choosing the appropriatetranslationprocedureintranslatingliterary works,especially moviesubtitle.
3. Practically,thisresearchisexpectedtogiveapracticalguidanceforboth ofthe translators and students in improvingtheirtranslation skills.
F. ClarificationofRelatedTerms
Toavoidmisunderstandinginthischapter,theresearcherhasclarified some ofthe terms below.
1.Translation Procedure
a. Translation-Renderingthe meaningofa textintoanotherlanguage in the waythat the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988:5).
b. Procedure (n) – The official or usual way of doing something
(Cambridge, 2004).
c. Translationprocedure–Theproceduresoftranslationthatareusedfor sentencesand smaller units of language (Newmark,1988:81).
d. Translationprocedureinthisstudyreferstotheprocedureusedin translating theEnglish-Indonesiansubtitleof“IntotheWild”movie basedonNewmark(1988),Vinay andDarbelnet(2000)inMunday (2001),DrydeninMunday(2001),Catford(1965)inMunday (2001), Delisle,Lee-JahnkeCormier(1999),and Harvey(2003) theories.
2. Translation Quality
a. Quality(n or adj) -Howgood orbad somethingis(Cambridge, 2004). b. QualityinTranslation-Qualityisrelativeandabsolutesofaccuracy
cease where the end user (i.e. client) imposes his own subjective preferencesofstyle in Target Text (Al-Qinai, 2000:498).
c. Quality inthisstudy referstotheevaluationoftheEnglish-Indonesian subtitletranslationof“Intothe Wild” movie,whether itfulfillsthe criteriaofgoodtranslationthataredeclaredby someexperts,suchas Larson (1998), Nida,Lewis,andLeonardFoster (1958) inVenutti (2000),Newmark(1988),Tytler(1979)inMunday (2001),Benjamin (1969/2000)inMunday (2001),andMassoud(1988)andElShafey (1985) in Abdellah (2005) ornot.
G.OrganizationofthePaper
This paper ofstudyis organized into five chapters as follows:
ChapterI: Introduction
Thischapterprovides background,statementsof the problems,aimsof thestudy,scope of thestudy,significance of thestudy,andorganizationof the paper.
ChapterII: Literature Review
Thischapterfocusesonliteraturereview whichprovidesthebasic theoryinconductingtheresearch.
ChapterIII: ResearchMethodology
Thischaptercontainsthemethodologyofstudy andthedescriptionof proceduresusedininvestigating the dataoftheresearch,including the research questions, the aims of study, the datacollection and dataanalysis. ChapterIV:Finding andDiscussion
Thischapterpresentstheresultofthestudyincludingtheanalysisof the data based on thetheoretical framework.
ChapterV:ConclusionandSuggestion
This chapter contains the writer’s interpretation of the research
findings in a form of conclusions and suggestions.
CHAPTERII LITERATURE REVIEW
Thischapterfocusesonliteraturereviewwhichprovidesthebasictheory inconducting theresearch.There aresevenmainpointsthatwillbeelaboratedin thischapter asfollow:Definitionof Translation,TheoriesofTranslation,Process ofTranslation,ProceduresofTranslation,Quality ofTranslation,Subtitling Theories, and Synopsis of the Film and TheRecent Researchers.
A. DefinitionofTranslation
Theterm“translation”isdefinedvariously by thepointofviewofmany experts.Larson (1998:3)statesthatbasically,translationisa change of form. Theformisreferring tothewords,phrases,clauses,sentences,orparagraph. Thechangeofformisdoneby replacingtheformofsourcelanguagetothe form of receptor or targetlanguage.
According toNewmark (1988:5),translationisperceivedasrendering the meaning ofatextinto anotherlanguageinthewaythattheauthorintendedthe text.Inlinewiththattheory,Munday (2001:5)statesthattranslationrefersto thechanging ofanoriginalsourcetextofonelanguageintoatargettextina different language.
Furthermore,Jakobson(1959/2000:114)inMunday (2001:5)dividesand defines translation into threecategories as follow:
1. Intralingualtranslationor‘rewording’. Itisan interpretationofverbal signsthroughothersignsofthesamelanguage.Thistranslationissimilar toparaphrase,because itoccurswhenwe rephraseanexpressionor textin thesamelanguagetoexplainorclarify somethingwemight havesaid or written.Anotherexampleiswhenalecturerexplainsthematerialinfront ofthe class and the students makeanote from what he says.
2. Interlingual translation or'translation proper'. It is aninterpretation of verbalsigns throughthesameandother signssomeother languages.For example, the interpreter in a conference who interprets the English languagefrom the speaker intoIndonesian to theaudience.
3. Intersemiotictranslationor‘transmutation’.Itisaninterpretationofverbal signsthroughsignsof non-verbalsignsystems.Thistranslationoccursif a writtentextwere translated,forexample,afilmversionofanovelandan advertisement that represents in image.
Meanwhile,HatimandMunday (2004:6)inMunday (2009:7)define translationas:
1. TheprocessoftransferringawrittentextfromSLtoTL,conductedbya translator, ortranslators,in a specific socio-cultural context.
2. Thewrittenproduct,orTT,whichresultsfromthatprocessandwhich functions in the socio-cultural context ofthe TL.
3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena which are an integral partof 1 and 2.
Otherdefinitions areproposed byBassneet (2002:6) whodefines that translationisnotjust the transfer of textsfromonelanguage intoanother,but alsoa processofnegotiationbetweentextsandcultures.Itmeansthat translationisnotonly transmittingalanguage,transferringthemeaning,and conveyingthe message,but also transmittinga cultural aspect of theSL.
Besidesthat,Nida andTaber (1969:12) postulatethattranslationis reproducing thereceptorlanguagefromtheclosest naturalequivalentofthe sourcelanguagemessage,intermsofmeaningandstyle.Accordingtothem, inreproducing themessage,meaning aspectisthefirstconcernaswellasthe importanceofformandstyle,becausetranslationisnotmerely changingone languageto another, but also conveyingthe messagefrom SLto TL.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is a process of rendering a thought from one language to another language accuratelyinawrittenformbyconformingitsgrammar,syntax,andcultural aspect.
B. Theories ofTranslation
1. TheSkopos Theory
Therearetwomaintheoriesoftranslation;thoseareskopostheory and equivalencetheory.Skoposisatheory oftranslationthatwasproposedby the German translator,HansJ. Vermeer in1978 (Munday, 2001:78). SkoposistheGreekwordfor ‘aim’or‘purpose’.Itfocusesonthepurpose of translation(Munday,2001:79).The sender isresponsibleforspecifying intentionandbyusingatexthetriestoachieveapurpose.Thereceiver usesthetextwitha certainfunction,dependingonhis/herown expectations,needs,previousknowledgeandsituationalconditions(Jabir,
2006:38)
Inlinewiththattheory,Nord(1997:29) inJensen(2009:15) saysthat according totheskopostheory,alltextsareperceivedasserving aspecific purpose.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldtranslateinaway whichenables the texttofunctioninthe situationthatisusedandwiththe people who want to useit.
ReissandVermeerformulatedtheirtheorybyuseofsixrules(Reiss& Vermeer 1984:119in Munday2001:79). Theseare:
a. A target text (TT) is determined byits skopos.
ItmeansthatthepurposeoftheTTisthemaindeterminantfor the chosen translation methods and strategies. These methods and strategiesare usedto produce afunctionallyadequateorappropriate result(Jensen,2009:15).
b. ATTisanofferofinformationinatargetcultureandTLconcerning an offer ofinformation in a sourceculture and SL.
c. ATTdoesnotinitiateanofferifinformationinaclearlyreversible way.
d. A TTmustbeinternallycoherent.
It means that the TT must be coherent for the TT receivers. The receiver mustbe able tounderstandtheTT,andtheTThastobe meaningfulinthecommunicativesituationandtargetculture(Jensen,
2009:16).
e. A TTmustbe coherentwith theST.
Itmeansthatthere mustbecoherencebetweenthe STinformation receivedbythetranslator,theinterpretationthetranslatormakesof thisinformationandtheinformationthatisencodedfor the TT receivers.
f.The five rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos predominating.
2. TheEquivalenceTheory
Equivalenceisakeyconceptinatranslationtheoryofthe1960sand
1970swhichdefinesastheconnectionoftranslationalbetweenanentire STanda TTinadegreeofcorrespondencebetweenthetextsorthetext units(Pym,2007:271;Munday,2009:185).Itmeansthatthetranslation willhavethesamevalueas(someaspectof)theST.Sometimesthevalue is on the level ofform,on the level ofreference,oron theleveloffunction (Pym,2007:273).Forinstance,inthelevelofform,twowordsofSL are translated by twowordsinTL,suchas“puppylove”whichistranslated into“cintamonyet”inIndonesian.Inthelevelofreference,Sunday is alwaystheday beforeMonday.Intheleveloffunction,blackisasignfor a color ofdeath in West, but in East, the color ofdeath is white.
According toJakobson(1959/2000)inMunday(2001:37),equivalence focuses on the structure and terminologyof language rather than any inabilityof TLto renderamessagefrom SL.
Furthermore,Nida (1964) inBassnett(2002:34)dividesequivalence intotwotypes;thoseare formalequivalence anddynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on the message itself, in both form and content.Itconcerns withthe formalrelationshipbetween ST andTT structures,suchaswhenanounphraseintheSTissubstitutedby anoun phraseintheTT.Itisalsocalledby a“glosstranslation”whichaimsto allowthereadertounderstandtheSL contextasmuchaspossible (Bassnett, 2002:34;Munday, 2009:191).
On the otherhand,dynamic equivalence isbasedonthe principleof equivalenteffect,wheretherelationshipbetweenreceiver andmessage shouldaimatbeing thesameasbetweentheoriginalreceiversandtheSL message (Nida, 1964 inBassnett, 2009:34).This focus requires translators toadjusttheirtextstothetargetculture,toharmonizethemlinguistically intermsofgrammarandlexis,andtomakethemsoundnatural(Munday,
2009:84).
Meanwhile,Vinay andDarbelnet(2000:90)inMunday (2001:58)use thetermequivalence for one of theirtranslationprocedureswhere languages describe the same situation as in the original by different stylisticorstructuralmeans.By equivalence,thepracticeofemploying an establishedequivalentidiomintheTL willbeeasiertounderstand (Munday, 2009:186).
Basedon thebriefexplanation about two translations theories above; those areskoposandequivalence theory,itcanbe concludedthatskopos theory isthetheory usedforthereader,becauseitisaimedatmakingthe readerunderstandthemessageandthepurposeofthetextfrom the translator. On the other hand, the equivalence theory is used for the
translatoritself,becauseitisaimedatconveyingthemessageofthewriter to the reader as same as the original one.
C. Process ofTranslation
AccordingtoMunday(2001:5),theprocessoftranslationistheactof producingthe translation, otherwiseknownas translating. Newmark(1988:19-
25) proposes threewaysoftranslating as follow:
1. Choosingamethodofapproachwhetherthetranslatorwilltranslatethe sourcetextsentencebysentenceforthefirstparagraphorchapter,toget the feelandthefeelingtone ofthe text;or translate thesource textafter reading thewholetexttwoorthreetimes,andfinding intention,register, tone,markthe difficultwordsandpassages,thenstarttranslatingwhenthe translator has takentheirbearing.
2. Translatingthetranslation with fourlevels, thoseare:
a.TheSLtextlevel(thetextuallevel).Inthislevel,thetranslatorstarts totranslatetheSLtotheTLbyusing literaltranslationandtransposes theSLgrammar(clausesandgroups)intotheTL equivalents,then translates the lexical unit into the appropriate sense.
b.Thereferentiallevel.Inthislevel,thetranslatorvisualizesandbuilds upthe essentialpartsof the text,bothof the comprehensionandthe reproductionprocess.Inother words,thetranslatorgainsthe perspectivefrom thelanguage.
c.Thecohesivelevel.Thislevelfollowsbothofthestructureandthe moodsofthetext.Atthislevel,thetranslatorreconsidersthelengths of paragraphsandsentences,the formulationof the title,andthe tone oftheconclusiontosummarizeanargumentatthebeginningofa final sentence.
d.Thelevelofnaturalness.Inthislevel,thetranslatorattemptstomake thetranslationofcommonlanguageappropriatetothewriterorthe speaker ina certain situation.In other words, thetranslation product is makingsense and followingthegrammatical structure.
3. Revisingtheprocedureofthetranslationwhichconstitutesatleasthalfof the complete process.
Meanwhile,Larson(1998:4) identifies thetranslation process through the diagram as follow:
SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Text to be Translation translated
Discover Re-express the meaning the meaning
Meaning
Figure2.1 Larson’sProcessofTranslation(1998:4)
Accordingtothediagramabove,thefirstprocesstoproducethemeaning of the textistoanalyze the grammaticalandsemantic structure of the original text. Afterthesourcetext has been analyzed, thetranslatortransfersand restructures itinto atarget language.
D. Procedures ofTranslation
According toNewmark(1988:81),translationproceduresare usedfor sentences andsmaller unitsof language.Therefore,itispossible toa sentence tohavemorethanonetranslationprocedure.Newmark(1988),Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001), Catford (1965)inMunday (2001),Delisle,Lee-JahnkeCormier(1999),andHarvey (2003) divided thetranslation procedures into somecategories bellow:
1. Literal Translation
Literaltranslationisthe basictranslationprocedure where word-for- wordtranslationtransfersSLgrammar andword order, aswellasthe primarymeanings of all the SL words (Newmark, 1988:69). In other words,the SL grammaticalconstructionsareconvertedintothenearestTL equivalent,butthelexicalwordsaretranslatedwordby word.Dryden (1680/1992:17)inMunday (2001:25)usestheterm“metaphrase”which correspondstoliteraltranslation.Meanwhile,Vinay andDarbelnet (2000:86)inMunday (2001:57)say thatthetranslatormay judgeliteral translation to be'unacceptable' becauseitgivesadifferentmeaning, has no meaning,impossible forstructuralreasons,doesnothave a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL, and corresponds to somethingatadifferent level oflanguage.
Example:
- SL:Idon't want anything.
- TL:Aku tidakmau apapun.
2. Transference
Transference(loanword,transcription)istheprocessoftransferringa
SLword to aTLtext (Newmark,1988:81). In otherwords, it is the
processof transliteratingtheoriginalterm(Harvey,2003:5).Meanwhile, VinayandDarbelnet(2000:84)inMunday (2001:56)usetheterm “Borrowing”wheretheSL wordistransferreddirectlytotheTL.Inline withthis theory,Gottlieb(1992)inGhaemiandBenyamin(2010:42) proposestheterm “Imitation” whichmeansthatthe processof translation maintains thesame forms, typicallywith names of people and places.
Example:
- SL: West Virginia.
- TL: West Virginia.
3. Naturalization
NaturalizationsucceedstransferenceandadaptstheSLwordfirstto thenormalpronunciation,thentothenormalmorphology (word-forms)of theTL (Newmark,1988:81).Harvey (2003:4)saysthatnaturalization happens dueto thecrossfertilization between twolanguage.
Example:
- SL:Mayand June.
- TL:Mei dan Juni.
4. Adaptation
Adaptationisaprocedure whichinvolveschangingthecultural referencewhenasituationinthesourceculturedoesnotexistin thetarget culture(Vinayand Darbelnet, 2000:90 in Munday, 2001:58). In other words,Delisle,Lee-Jahnke& Cormier(1999)usethistermtoreplacea socio-cultural realityfrom theSLwith a realityspecificto the target culture in order to accommodate for the expectations of the target audience.
Example:
- SL: Dear Sir.
- TL:Yang Terhormat.
5. Cultural Equivalent
CulturalEquivalentisanapproximatetranslationprocedurewherea SL culturalwordistranslatedbyaTLculturalword(Newmark,1988:81). Meanwhile,VinayandDarbelnet(2000:90)inMunday(2001:58)say that thistermisparticularly usefulintranslating idiomsandproverbs.Inother words,thelanguagedescribesthesamesituationby differentstylisticor structural means.
Example:
- SL:You littlepinhead!
- TL:Kamu bodoh!
6. Functional Equivalent
FunctionalEquivalentprocedure isappliedtoculturalwordsthat requiretheuseofaculture-free-word,butthefunctionofTL issimilarto theSL referent.Sometimes,itusesaspecificterm,sotheSL wordshould begeneralized.ThisprocedurecanbeusedwhenaSL technicalwordhas no TL equivalentsotherewillbeconnotational ordenotationaldifferences between the SLand TLterm(Newmark, 1988:83and Harvey, 2003:2).
Example:
- SL:Identification card.
- TL:Kartu Tanda Pengenal.
7. DescriptiveEquivalent
Descriptiveequivalentorself-explanatorytranslationisusedwhena SL wordneedstobegeneralizedby usinganexplanationordescription, becauseitcannot be rendered directlytothe TL word (Newmark, 1988:83-
84 and Harvey, 2003:6).
Example:
- TL: Revolver.
- SL:Senjata api yang memiliki silinder.
8. Synonym
Synonymisaprocedurewhichisusedwhenapreciseequivalentfor TLmay ormaynotexist.Therefore,thetranslatorusesthesenseofanear TL equivalenttoaSL wordinacontext.Asynonymisonly appropriate where literaltranslationisnotpossibleandbecausethewordisnot important enoughfor componential analysis (Newmark, 1988:83-84).
Example:
- SL:I’m freezing.
- TL:Akukedinginan.
9. Through-Translation
Through-translationorisalsoknownascalqueorloantranslationis the literaltranslation ofcommon collocations,names of organizations,the componentsofcompoundsorphrases.(Newmark,1988:84).According to VinayandDarbelnet(2000:85)inMunday (2001:56),calquesometimes has a semanticchange.
Example:
- SL:ILO (InternationalLabor Organization).
- TL:Organisasi Buruh Internasional.
10. Shifts or Transpositions
Shiftsortransposition isatranslationprocedurethatisproposed Catfordand Vinayand Darbelnet (Newmark,1988:85).Vinayand Darbelnet(2000:88and1995:94-9)inMunday (2001:57)mentions thattranspositionisachangeofonepartofspeechforanotherwithout
changing the sense.Inotherwords,transpositionistheonlytranslation procedure concerned with grammar (Newmark, 1988:88).
There are four types of shift that are proposed by Newmark
(1988:85-88) as follow:
a. The change from singular to plural and in the position of adjective. b. TheshiftwhichisrequiredwhenanSLgrammaticalstructuredoes
not existin theTL.
c. Theshiftwhereliteraltranslationisgrammaticallypossiblebut maynot accordwith natural usagein theTL.
d. The replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.
Example:
-SL:AyearandahalfhadpassedinwhatDadcalled“suspended animation”.
-TL:Sudahsatusetengahtahunlewatyang ayahsebutanimasiyang tahan.
11. Modulation
Modulationisaprocedurethatchangesthesemanticandthepointof view or perspective of TL (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000 in Munday,
2001:57andDelisle,Lee-JahnkeCormier,1999:161).Therefore,the translator canconveythesame event of two languages in a different way.
ThereareeighttypesofmodulationthatareproposedbyVinayand
Darbelnet in Newmark (1988:89) as follow:
a. Abstract forconcrete, b. cause for effect,
c. onepart foranother, d. reversal of terms,
e. active forpassive,
f. space for time,
g. intervals and limits, and h. changeof symbols.
Example:
- SL: You didn’t buymemorethan one.
- TL:Kamu hanya belisatu.
12. Recognized Translation
Recognizedtranslationisnormally usedwhenthetranslatordealswith theofficialorthegenerally acceptedtranslationofany institutionalterm (Newmark, 1988:89).
Example:
- SL: General Manager.
- TL:ManajerUmum.
13. TranslationLabel
Translationlabelisa provisionaltranslation,whichisusedfora new institutionaltermandshouldbemade ininvertedcommas,whichcanlater bediscreetly withdrawn.Itcouldbedonethroughliteraltranslation (Newmark, 1988:90).
Example:
- SL: HeritageLanguage.
- TL:Langued’heritage.
14. Compensation
Compensationhappenswhenthetranslatorschange anelementinthe SLthatcannotbeusedinthesameformasintheTL withanotherelement used inanother place (Delisle,Lee-Jahnke & Cormier, 1999:125-126).In otherwords,itoccurswhenthelossofmeaning,sound-effect,metaphoror pragmaticeffectinonepartofasentenceiscompensatedinanotherpart, orin a contiguous sentence (Newmark, 1988:90).
Example:
- SL: Son ofabitch!
- TL: Kurang ajar!
15. Componential Analysis
Componentialanalysisisthesplitting upofalexicalunitintoitssense components, often one-to-two, -three or -four translations (Newmark,
1988:90).
Example:
- SL: Set.
- TL:Mengatur, menentukan, memasang, babak.
16. Reduction and Expansion
Reductionandexpansionare ratherimprecisetranslationprocedures, whichyoupracticenaturally insomecases(Newmark,1988:90). Meanwhile, Gottlieb(1992)inGhaemiandBenyamin (2010:42) also proposestheterm“Expansion” anduses the term“Condensation” and “Decimation”for“Reduction”.Condensationistheshorteningofthetext intheleastobtrusive way possiblewhile decimationisanextremeformof condensation where perhaps for reasons of discourse speed, even potentiallyessential elements areomitted.
Example:
- SL:YourfatherandI, wewant to makeapresent toyou.
- TL:Kami ingin berikanhadiah untukmu.
Expansionisusedwhenthe original text needsanexplanation, because ofsomeculturalnuancenotretrievableinthe TL(Newmark,1988:90).In other words, Delisle, Lee-Jahnke Cormier (1999) use the term
“Amplification” whichmeanstheuse ofmorewordsintheTLtore- expressanideaortoreinforcethesenseofaSLwordbecausethemessage ofTLcannot beexpressedconcisely.
Example:
- SL:Nowyou'rein thewild, what arewedoing?
-TL:Karenakamusekarangsudahadadialam,apayangakankita lakukan?
17. Paraphrase
Paraphraseisaprocedurewheretheexplanationofthemeaning ofa segment ofthetext is needed (Newmark, 1988:90). In the meantime, Gottlieb(1992)inGhaemiandBenyamin(2010:42)saysthatparaphrase isresortedtoincaseswhere thephraseology oftheoriginalcannot be reconstructedinthesamesyntacticwayinthetargetlanguage.Inlinewith those theories, Dryden (1992:17) in Munday (2001:25) says that paraphraseinvolveschanging wholephrasesandmoreorlesscorresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.
Example:
- SL:I'm takingyou out to where we'regoing.
- TL:Aku akan membawamuketujuan kita.
18. The combination ofprocedures
Couplets,Triplets,andQuadrupletsare thecombinationoftwo,three, or four procedures fordealingwith a single problem (Newmark, 1988:91).
Exampleof Couplets betweenLiteral and Cultural Equivalent:
- SL:Let meturn off the light.
- TL:Biarkan aku matikanlampunya.
Example of Triplets between Shift, Transference, and Functional
Equivalent:
-SL:NotifyingthemthatChris'abandonedcarhadbeenidentifiedby the ArizonaHighwayPatrol.
-TL:YangberitahubahwamobilyangdibuangChristerlacakoleh polisi lalu lintas Arizona.
Example of Quadruplets between Reduction, Cultural Equivalent, Transference, and Naturalization:
- SL:Whentheyarrivedattheapartment,therewasa“ForRent”sign
up and the manager saidthat Chris had moved out at the end ofMay.
- TL:Ketikamerekatibadiaparetemen,adatulisan“Untukdisewa”
dan manajer bilang Chris sudah pindah sejak akhir Mei.
19. Notes, Additions, Glosses
Notes,additions,andglossesare theprocedureswhere thetranslator givesadditionalinformationwithinthetext,notes atbottomofpage,notes at end of chapter, and notes or glossary at end of book (Newmark,
1988:91-92).
Example:
- SL: Debrecen ThecityofDebrecen, in West Hungary.
- TL: DebrecenKota Debrecen, di sebelah barat Hungary.
20. Denominalization
Denominalizationoccurswhenanounornominalstructurefromthe STistransformedintoaverbalstructure intheTT(Delisle,Lee-Jahnke& Cormier, 1999:132).
Example:
- SL:Dia sudah bersuamikan orang Minang.
- TL: She alreadyhas a Minangperson as her husband.
21. Explicitation
Explicitationisusedto introduceprecisedetailsintotheTTfor clarification (Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier, 1999:139). Meanwhile, VinayandDarbelnet(1995:34)inBecher(2011:17)say thatexplicitation isastylistictranslationprocedurewhichconsistsofmaking explicitinthe TLwhatremainsimplicitintheSL becauseitisapparentfromeitherthe context or the situation. Becher (2011:18) says that explicitation is observed where a TLismore explicitthanthe SL.
Example:
- SL: Confiscation révolutionnaire.
- TL: Seized duringthe French Revolution.
22. Implicitation
Implicitation is used to increase the meaning of the TL by not explicitly rendering elements of information from the SL in the TL (Delisle,Lee-JahnkeCormier, 1999:145).Bacher (2011:19)statesthat implicitationisobservedwhereaTLislessexplicit(moreimplicit)than the SL.
Example:
- SL:Besuretheironisunpluggedfromtheelectricaloutletbefore fillingwith water.
- TL:Selalu lepaskan besisebelum mengisitangki.
E. Quality ofTranslation
Intranslationfield,quality isdefinedasrelativeandabsolutesofaccuracy ceasewhere the clientimposeshisown subjective preferencesof style inTL (Al-Qinai,2000:498).In line withthattheory,House (1997:3)inBittner (2011:76)statesthatthequalityofatranslationdependslargely onthe translator’ssubjectiveinterpretationandtransferdecisions,whicharebased onhislinguistic andculturalintuitive knowledge andexperience.Thus, althoughstandardizationofquality isdifficulttobemeasured,someexperts proposesome criteriaingettingagood translation quality.
Larson (1998:6) explains that there are three criteria of the best translation:
1. TheTLuses thenormal language forms ofthe receptor language.
2. TheTLcommunicatestothereceptorlanguagespeaker,asmuchas possible, thesamemeaningthat was understood bythe speaker ofSL.
3. TheTLmaintainsthedynamicoftheoriginalSL,whichmeansthe translationispresentedinsuchway thatwillevokethesameresponse as the SLattempted to evoke.
In addition, Nida in Venutti (2000:134) summarizes four basic requirementsofagoodtranslation,thoseare:makingsense,convey thespirit andmanneroftheoriginaltext,havingnaturalandeasy formofexpression, and producingasimilar response.