Chapter Six Handout: Inf/Cog

Chapter Six Handout: Inf/Cog

From the PowerPoint Presentation:

Sensorimotor Substages

1.Simple Reflexes: birth – 1 mo.
-info from reflexes like sucking / 4. Coordination of 2ndary Circular Reactions: 8-12 mo
-goal directed behavior (anticipate outcomes)
-object permanence (active searching)
2. Habits & Primary Circular Reactions: 1-4 mo.
-assimilation /acccomodation/combination of motor schemes
-repetition of interesting or  ones (own body) / 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions: 12-18 mo
-active experimental behavior & seek to explain surprising events
3. Secondary Circular Reactions: 4-8 mo.
-interact with the environment
-repeat schemes that cause environmental consequences (incl. Vocalizations) / 6. Beginnings of Thought: 18mo-2 yr
-mental representation: internal depiction of information the mind can manipulate
-deferred imitation -make believe play

Examples of Behavior:

1. Primary Circular Reaction: Action and Response both involve infant’s own body

. Baby sucks thumb, baby enjoys sucking, baby sucks thumb more.

2. Secondary Circular Reaction: Action gets a response from another person or object; infant repeats the original action. Baby coos, baby sees smiling face, baby coos more

3. Tertiary Circular Reaction: Action gets one pleasing result, leading the child to perform other, similar actions to observe the results. Baby steps on ducky and ducky squeaks (hooray!), leading baby to try throwing ducky against wall to see if it squeaks again.

Sounds to Symbols~

-phonology: basic sounds of languages-morphemes: basic units of meaning

-syntax: rules for lang. organization-pragmatics: social aspects of speech (turn taking etc)

-Comprehension precedes Production

Matching: Piaget

Letter / Description / Term
Changing a scheme in order to deal with a new stimulus / A. Schemes
SM stage in which infant repeats motor schemes that are pleasant/interesting / B. Assimilation
SM stage in which infant begins to represent events/objects with mental symbols / C. Accommodation
An organized way of making sense of experience / D. Simple Reflexes
SM stage in which goal directed behavior and object permanence emerge / E. Habits and primary circular reactions
SM stage involving simple reflexes / F. secondary circular reactions
Using an old scheme on a new stimulus / G. coordination of 2ndary circular reactions
SM stage in which the child starts to experiment with explaining surprising events / H. Tertiary circular reactions
SM stage in which infant repeats actions that cause + environmental consequences / I. Beginnings of thought/mental representations

Matching: Language

Letter / Description / Term
Basic units of meaning / A. phonology
Examples of this are burps, smiles, gestures and imitation / B. morphemes
Speech like but meaningless sounds / C. prelinguistic communication
Rules for organizing language / D. babbling
Two word combinations of words that children form / E. holophrases
Using a word to only apply to a few specific examples of that word / F. telegraphic speech
Basic units of sound / G. underextension
A child’s one word utterances / H. overextension
A type of speech adults often use when talking to children / I. child-directed speech/motherese
Using a word to apply to a number of objects similar to that word / J. grammar

Concept Review

Letter / Description / Term
Two year old Jessie's mother yells at her when she spills her milk. Later, Jessie yells at her doll with the same way her mother yelled at the doll. / A. affordances
The baby is entertained by a rattle for several minutes but then gets bored and fussy. / B. cognitive equilibrium
A child figures out why the light comes on when he opens the refrigerator and feels good about himself because he now understand more about his world / C. cooing
A 2 month old baby makes open-mouthed vowel sounds / D. over-regularization
Jordan is left alone in the kitchen with a pile of tupperware which gives him the opportunity to practice building a tower which he loved to do. / E. goal-directed behavior
. Zoe throws her hands up to get her grandfather to say,
"How big is my baby girl?" / F. habituation
Mother asks Peter, "Did you break the lamp." Peter answers, "No, Joey breaked it." / G. accommodation
Three year old Jack believes that vegetables are green and do not taste good. His mother fixes a new vegetable for him, broccoli. Obviously, it is green and Jack thinks it tastes bad. He now adds broccoli to his vegetable schema. / H. assimilation
A young child has a concept of "pet" that includes dogs and cats. The child believes that pets have four legs and are furry. When his friend gets a frog as a pet, the child has to change his concept of "pet." / I. deferred imitation