Chapter 8: Memory
Memory
•Encoding
•Storage
•Retrieval
Encoding
•Attention
•Similar to a filter
•Location of filter?
Levels of Processing
•Not all attention is created equal
•Levels of Processing TheoryDeeper levels result in longer lasting memory codes
•Structural Encoding
•Phonemic Encoding
•Semantic Encoding
Other Dimensions
•Elaboration
•Visual Imagery
•Dual-Encoding Theory (Paivio, 1986)
Short-term Memory (STM)
•Working memory holding info we are aware of at any given moment
•Limited resource
–7 2 items
–1.5 to 2 seconds
TWAPLONASAFBIUNICEF
•Chunking
•Negative relationship with STM
Retention & Retrieval in STM
•Decay TheoryPassage of time decreases the strength of the memory
•Distractor Studies
•Interference TheoryInformation gets mixed-up with other information and becomes harder to remember
•New similar to old
Long Term Memory
•Elaborative Rehearsal
–Relational principle
•Retrograde Amnesia
–Inability to recall events preceding an accident
–Interruption of elaborative rehearsal
•Permanent memory
1. Explicit Memory
–Semantic Memory
–Episodic Memory
2. Implicit Memory
Procedural Memory
Priming Effects
Results of Conditioning
Information Storage in LTM
•Network of Association
•Nisbett and Wilson (1977) presented Ss with word-pairs to learn, among them was the pair “Ocean-Moon.” When later asked to name a laundry detergent, more Ss named “Tide” than Ss not given this word pair.
When Memory Goes Awry
•Schemas
–Set of beliefs about something that is based on past experience
•Default Values
•The procedure is actually quite simple. First, you arrange things into two different groups. Of course, one group may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do… It is important not to over do things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run, this may not seem important, but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well.
Importance of Schemas
•North American Indian Folk TaleDuring battle, the hero is shot with an arrow, but feels no pain because he is in the company of ghosts. When he returns home and recounts the story, something black emerges from his mouth, and he dies the next morning.
Memory and Schemas
Now is the time for all good men to
to come to the aid of their countrymen.
Schemata and Eyewitnesses
•Lead people to misclassify information
•Believe they have seen something they did not
•Fail to notice things that might be important
Loftus and colleagues
•Ss saw a film of a car accident
•Did you see a broken headlight?
•Did you see the broken headlight?
•About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
•About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
•Poor memories more susceptible
•Older children vs. Younger children
•Some aspects of memory more reliable than others