Chapter 8: Exploring and Settling Western Virginia

GUIDED READING

CHAPTER 8: EXPLORING AND SETTLING WESTERN VIRGINIA

Section 1: Early Explorers in Western Virginia

Directions: Use the information from pages 295-308 to complete the following statements.

Introduction

1. In 1606, King ______of ______granted charters to two separate land companies, which collectively became known as the ______Company.

2. In December 1606, the London Company sent ______ships to Virginia to start a settlement on Roanoke Island. Bad weather drove the group of 105 persons north. They found themselves on a peninsula in the ______River.

3. In May 1607, this site became the location for the settlement of ______, the first ______English settlement in what is now the United States.

English Explorations in Western Virginia

4. The ______of western Virginia proved to be a tremendous barrier to exploration.

5. By the late 1640s, as more people came into Virginia, ______were built to protect the coastal settlements and the growing ______trade.

6. Although Abraham Wood already had a profitable ______-trading business with the Indians, he wanted to expand his territory and ensure that ______claimed as much land as possible.

7. Wood and Edward ______, a merchant, traveled to the origin of the ______River. ______kept a record of the trip, called “The Discovery of ______.”

John Lederer

8. Between 1669 and 1671, ______physician John Lederer was the first European to document reaching the crest of the ______Mountains and enter what is now ______.

9. Although he is probably best remembered for his ______, Lederer also made a______of western Virginia.

Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam

10. At that time, anyone who discovered a ______or a ______could claim all the lands drained by it.

11. Several others accompanied Captain Thomas Batts, the leader of the (1671) expedition. These included ______, who kept a journal; ______, who may have been a relative of Abraham Wood; ______, an Appomattox Indian who served as a guide; and ______, perhaps a former indentured servant.

12. Traveling through the mountains, Batts and Fallam eventually came to the ______River. Two weeks later, running out of ______and the Indians’ fear of a change of ______stopped them.

13. They claimed the territory and marked several trees with ______.

14. Their charting of the New River strengthened England’s claim to the ______Valley, which includes the ______Valley.

James Needham and Gabriel Arthur

15. The Occaneechi had a ______(the sole possession or control of something) on the trading activity.

16. Abraham Wood hoped James Needham could establish trade directly with the ______.

17. On their second try, the explorers succeeded in reaching the Cherokee in present-day ______. Needham was able to work out a ______agreement. The treaty eliminated the ______as middlemen.

18. Arthur stayed behind in Tennessee with the Cherokee so he could learn their ______.

19. Sometime later, Arthur was permitted to go with a trading party to what was then Spanish West ______. Arthur is believed to be the first European to see the ______River.

20. Later, Needham did return to ______, accompanied by several Cherokee and aload of ______.

French Exploration in Western Virginia

21. While the English were exploring western Virginia from the ______, the French were exploring it from the ______.

22. One explorer, Robert CavelierSieur de ______, heard from the Indians about a river called the ______that flowed to the ______. His group sailed downstream as far as the Falls of the Ohio at present-day Louisville, ______.

23. As a result of La Salle’s journey, ______claimed the Ohio Valley.

A Temporary Stop to Exploration

24. Governor William ______angered western settlers by refusing to send ______to protect them after a series of ______attacks in 1675.

25. Nathaniel ______, a young planter, organized his own ______and led a successful expedition against the ______.

26. In September 1676, Bacon and his followers attacked and burned ______.

27. From the time of Bacon’s 1676 ______until the year ______, Virginia did not officially engage in exploration.

Alexander Spotswood

28. In 1716, lieutenant governor Alexander Spotswood personally set out on a journey hoping to expand Great Britain’s ______, establish new ______, and counter ______expansion in the area.

29. Spotswood brought along Frenchman John Fontaine to serve as the party’s ______.

30. Spotswood encouraged settlement of the area by picturing it as an agricultural ______.

31. The governor presented each of his companions with a ______. On the reverse side was written “______.”

Explorations Lead to Conflicts

32. Both the ______and the ______claimed the Ohio and Mississippi valley regions. Both sides wanted to control the ______trade with the Native Americans.

33. In 1742, Sir William Gooch, a governor of Virginia, commissioned a group led by John ______and John Peter ______(or Salley) to explore as far west as the ______River.

34. They arrived at the ______River on May 6. They continued, finally reaching the ______River on June 7.

35. On July 2, a company of ______and ______surprised them. They were made prisoners and taken to ______. Salling was imprisoned in ______but the others were taken to ______for trial. Howard and his followers were released and permitted to travel to ______. After two years, Salling escaped from the ______and made his way back to ______.

Céloron de Blainville

36. Frenchman Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville led around 250 men to the banks of the Ohio, where they buried engraved lead ______as proof of ______ownership.

37. One plate, buried at the mouth of the ______River in 1749, was found by a boy in the year ______.

Thomas Walker and Christopher Gist

38. Two of the most important ______explorers were Dr. Thomas Walker and Christopher Gist. The ______Land Company employed Dr. Walker, while Gist was an employee of the ______Land Company.

39. A 1750 trip took Walker through the ______Gap (which he named).

40. Gist was a ______, one who measures and maps out the ______, ______, ______, and so on of an area of land.

Section 2: Early Settlers in Western Virginia

Directions: Use the information from pages 309-317 to complete the following statements.

Introduction

1. In Europe, opportunity was reserved for those of ______(noble) birth.

2. The frontier of America—the area just at the edge of or beyond a ______area—was considered the great ______. Democracy took root on the ______.

Reasons for Settlement

3. One of the first known people to take an active interest in settling the new land was ______, a native of ______.

4. After 1730, settlement increased due to several factors. First, the reports of the early explorers told of unspoiled ______and untold ______. Second, because they were afraid the ______would gain control of the land east of the Ohio River, the ______encouraged settlers to move there. Third, as land became scarce in the ______colonies, many people moved toward the unsettled area. Finally, there was

Virginia’s revision of its ______.

5. In 1730, the colony of Virginia established a policy giving land ______1,000 acres for each family settling in ______Virginia. These settlers could not come from established ______settlements.

6. An unplanned result of Virginia’s land policies was that a variety of ______groups

found their way into the frontier.

Settlers Come to Western Virginia

7. ______is usually credited with being the first permanent European settler in western Virginia. When the family arrived near where ______is located today, he built a crude ______cabin.

8. Prominent among the European settlers of western Virginia were the ______, who had come from the Rhine River valley.

9. The Germans looked for a place to settle where they would have ______freedom.

10. In 1730, Virginia granted ten thousand acres of land in the ______Valley to Isaac ______.

11. The Scots-Irish were ______who had been settled in northern Ireland by King ______of England.

12. The Scots-Irish were ______against (denied their rights because of prejudice) in ______.

13. In the 1700s, they settled in Pennsylvania and then moved south as land became available in ______. In 1748, the Scots-Irish founded the first settlement west of the ______Divide. It was called ______Meadow.

14. Many early settlers, in order to escape from the European continent, became ______servants. Under this system, people agreed to work for a period of years as servants in America in exchange for ______to the New World.

15. Many ______, who were sold as indentured servants, were never ______. This helped establish a system of ______in the United States.

West Virginia Portraits: Andrew Lewis

16. Andrew Lewis was born in the year ______in Donegal County, ______.

17. Around 1729, his parents, who were ______, moved the family to Pennsylvania. Later they moved to ______County, Virginia.

18. Because of his skill and hard work, Andrew Lewis moved quickly through the ranks in the______. He is probably best remembered for the role he played in the Battle of ______.

19. Lewis continued to serve in the military during the American ______.

Section 3: Life in the Early Settlements

Directions: Use the information from pages 318-329 to complete the following statements.

Introduction

1. Pioneers could claim an area by using a ______or ______to blaze trees around the edge of the site. Settlers could also get ownership of land by planting and harvesting a crop of ______. The best claim came with actual settlement, which was defined as building a ______.

2. Sometimes trees were removed by setting the ______on fire. At other times, ______was used; that is, a band of ______was removed all the way around a tree.

Settlers’ Homes

3. Most cabins did not hav______; sometimes a section of log was removed and the hole covered with ______paper.

4. Some cabins had a second level, usually a ______that was reachable by a ______.

5. The ______, which occupied a prominent place, was the only means of ______the cabin. Cooking was done in the ______as well.

6. The Indians taught the pioneers which ______could be used for medicinal purposes.

Settlers’ Clothing and Food

7. Men wore loose hunting shirts made of softened ______. Breeches and ______covered their legs. Around their waists they wore large ______. Moccasins, made from a single piece of ______, covered their feet. Squirrel-skin or ______caps completed the common dress on the frontier.

8. Early settlers spun or wove many of their own ______and developed ______from local ______to color the fabric.

9. Since many pioneers raised ______, practically all of the dresses were made of coarse ______, a mixture of ______and wool or ______and wool.

10. Some pioneers, however, presented a different picture. They dressed like fashionable ______.

11. Since there were no grocery stores, frontier families had to produce all of their ______.

12. ______was one of the most important crops.

13. Indians taught the early settlers how to tap the ______trees for syrup. A second source of sweetening was the “ ______tree.”

Settlers’ Recreation

14. Women held ______or ______bees.

15. “______” were a chance for women, men, and children to get together with their neighbors.

16. Young boys learned to use a ______and ______.

17. ______were important events. They provided a time for celebration and ______.

18. ______was the most popular social activity. ______, ______, and ______provided the music.

19. When timbering became a major industry, the skills of ______became the basis for popular sports and recreation.

20. One of the biggest celebrations took place on the ______of ______.

Settlers’ Health

21. Since most settlers did not bathe often, many suffered from an ailment called ______. The usual “cure” was to rub the blood of a black ______on the wound.

22. Families were usually very large. It was not uncommon for one family to have ______- ______children. However, many of the children never reached ______.

23. In 1796, ______, an English physician, developed a vaccination for ______.

24. Much feared on the frontier was ______, or rabies, which was caused by the bite of an ______animal. There was no cure until the year ______, when ______of France developed a serum to be given in a series of injections.

25. Of all the frontier diseases, ______, or ______, was probably the most common.

Settlers’ Unique Language

26. Because those who lived in the mountains were generally ______from the language changes in the rest of the ______, the language used on the ______changed very little.

27. The dialect (______form of language) spoken in the mountains is commonly referred to as the ______dialect.

28. Examples of mountain language are ______for “I suppose,” ______for “wasp,” ______for “closet,” ______for “clean,” ______for “kiss,” and ______for “pretend.”

29. Almost all of the “bad English” used by native ______was once used by high-ranking nobles of ______and ______.

Special Feature: Folk Medicine

30. Many people who claimed to be ______actually had no formal ______training.

31. Medical knowledge was often spiced with belief in the ______and bits of ______.

32. It was common to call upon the ______child of a ______child for help. These people were supposed to have special ______powers.

Section 3: Life in the Early Settlements

Directions: Use the information from pages 318-329 to complete the following statements.

Introduction

1. Pioneers could claim an area by using a ______or ______to blaze trees around the edge of the site. Settlers could also get ownership of land by planting and harvesting a crop of ______. The best claim came with actual settlement, which was defined as building a ______.

2. Sometimes trees were removed by setting the ______on fire. At other times, ______was used; that is, a band of ______was removed all the way around a tree.

Settlers’ Homes

3. Most cabins did not have ______; sometimes a section of log was removed and the hole covered with ______paper.

4. Some cabins had a second level, usually a ______that was reachable by a ______.

5. The ______, which occupied a prominent place, was the only means of ______the cabin. Cooking was done in the ______as well.

6. The Indians taught the pioneers which ______could be used for medicinal purposes.

Settlers’ Clothing and Food

7. Men wore loose hunting shirts made of softened ______. Breeches and ______covered their legs. Around their waists they wore large ______. Moccasins, made from a single piece of ______, covered their feet. Squirrel-skin or ______caps completed the common dress on the frontier.

8. Early settlers spun or wove many of their own ______and developed ______from local ______to color the fabric.

9. Since many pioneers raised ______, practically all of the dresses were made of coarse ______, a mixture of ______and wool or ______and wool.

10. Some pioneers, however, presented a different picture. They dressed like fashionable ______.

11. Since there were no grocery stores, frontier families had to produce all of their ______.

12. ______was one of the most important crops.

13. Indians taught the early settlers how to tap the ______trees for syrup. A second source of sweetening was the “ ______tree.”

Settlers’ Recreation

14. Women held ______or ______bees.

15. “______” were a chance for women, men, and children to get together with their neighbors.

16. Young boys learned to use a ______and ______.

17. ______were important events. They provided a time for celebration and ______.

18. ______was the most popular social activity. ______, ______, and ______provided the music.

19. When timbering became a major industry, the skills of ______became the basis for popular sports and recreation.

20. One of the biggest celebrations took place on the ______of ______.

Settlers’ Health

21. Since most settlers did not bathe often, many suffered from an ailment called ______. The usual “cure” was to rub the blood of a black ______on the wound.

22. Families were usually very large. It was not uncommon for one family to have ______- ______children. However, many of the children never reached ______.

23. In 1796, ______, an English physician, developed a vaccination for ______.

24. Much feared on the frontier was ______, or rabies, which was caused by the bite of an ______animal. There was no cure until the year ______, when ______of France developed a serum to be given in a series of injections.

25. Of all the frontier diseases, ______, or ______, was probably the most common.

Settlers’ Unique Language

26. Because those who lived in the mountains were generally ______from the language changes in the rest of the ______, the language used on the

______changed very little.

27. The dialect (______form of language) spoken in the mountains is commonly referred to as the ______dialect.

28. Examples of mountain language are ______for “I suppose,” ______for “wasp,” ______for “closet,” ______for “clean,” ______for “kiss,” and ______for “pretend.”

29. Almost all of the “bad English” used by native ______was once used by high-ranking nobles of ______and ______.

Special Feature: Folk Medicine

30. Many people who claimed to be ______actually had no formal ______training.

31. Medical knowledge was often spiced with belief in the ______and bits of ______.

32. It was common to call upon the ______child of a ______child for help. These people were supposed to have special ______powers.