States of Consciousness
v Consciousness: a vague concept that is usually defined by psychologists as the awareness of our environment and ourselves.
v Subconscious processing: processes different information simultaneously (Parallel Processing)
v Conscious processing - processes different information sequentially (Serial Processing), much like passing stages in law making; thus making conscious processing slow.
v Everyone fantasizes, Fantasizing (day dreaming) may help reduce stress, increase creativity, and even prepare for future events.
o But 4% of the population fantasizes so vividly that they have a Fantasy-prone personality. As adults they spend more than half their time fantasizing, which eventually leads to difficulties sorting fantasy from reality.
Sleep and Dreams
v Fact: everyone dreams, the difference is whether they remember it or not;
o Sleepwalkers are not acting out their dreams; sleeplessness has Iittle affect on motivating tasks.
v Circadian rhythm: our "biological clock" that runs on a 24-hour/day cycle;
o isolated individuals without clocks or daylight usually adopt a 25-hour day cycle;
o if we experience jet lag from traveling, our biological clock will reset to adapt.
v After about 1.5 hours of sleep, our eyes start to move rapidly and fluttery accompanied by increased brain activity; this is REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement).
o The only time you dream is if you're in REM sleep, but you can be in REM sleep and not dream
v Stages of Sleep:
o First, before you sleep, you lie in a relaxed state with slow alpha waves showing on an EEG.
o STAGE 1: (2 minutes) You experience hallucinations (experiences without real stimuli) such as hyponogoic sensations (floating weightlessly, knee jerks, sensation of falling, etc.)
o STAGE 2: (20 minutes) You are now actually asleep. Your brain shows periodic bursts of activity called Sleep 1 Spindles and "sleep talking" could start now or any stage after this.
o STAGE 3: (15 minutes) Your brain starts showing large and slow delta waves at which time it is difficult to wake you.
o STAGE 4 – (15 minutes) You are now in deep sleep, the brain shows more delta waves.
Bed-wetting and sleep walking can occur.
o After stage 4, your brain goes back to stage 3 then stage 2 then you enter into an excited state - REM sleep (paradoxical sleep) After REM, your sleep goes back to stage 2 and the cycle starts again.
§ Except that REM periods get longer throughout the night and stage 4 and 3 don't happen in the couple of hours before you wake.
v Sleep deprivation: effects include: suppressed immune systems, decreased creativity, slight hand tremors, slow performance and misperceptions on monotonous tasks. BUT a sleep-deprived person does as well as anyone on highly motivating tasks (running, arcade games, boxing)
v Sleep helps us regenerate; our tissues are restored, energy is conserved, and growth hormones are released from pituitary
Sleep Disorders
v Insomnia: difficulty falling or staying asleep. REM sleep deprived one day makes REM sleep longer on the next (REM Rebound).
v Narcolepsy: suddenly falling asleep (very dangerous, especially when driving)
v Sleep Apnea: suddenly stopped breathing when asleep (mostly overweight men) that would automatically wake you.
v Night Terrors: not nightmare; when one experiences night terrors, terrified appearances are observed and only happens during 2 or 3 hours of sleep in stage 4. The next morning the person hardly remembers what happened. In contrast, nightmares happen in REM sleep near the early morning hours.
Dreams
v In Freudian terms, Manifest content: what we remembered the dream to be. This is only the "cover up"; underlying every dream is its true meaning called ….
v Latent content: our unaccepting subconscious thoughts and drives.
o explanation for dreaming: dreams organize our thoughts and facilitates memory; at the same time dreaming provides constant neural stimulation that preserves our neural pathways.
v Seligman and Yellen (1987) proposed another theory that says dreams are random bursts of activity from the brainstem and the brain tries to make sense of it; thus hallucinatory images are produced in dreams.
v When we dream, the amygdala in the limbic system of the brain is most active (producing emotions).
v Activation-Synthesis Theory: Hobson and McCarley, 1977; dreams are the brain's reaction to random biological processes that occur during sleep; parts of the brain - in particular the pons, part of the brain stem - continue to function and produce stimuli during sleep and REM sleep in particular. The brain then takes these internal stimuli and attempts to make some sort of sense of them. To do this it uses other random stimuli and memories, especially those easily accessible in the short-term memory; cortical attempts to explain random signals from the lower brain produce a random dream with no deep or hidden meanings or purpose; serotonin system turns itself off
Hypnosis
v Hypnosis: a state in which you are under the influence of a hypnotist. He/she may suggest that certain behaviors will automatically happen and you, under his/her influence (depending on your degree of susceptibility), will do exactly what is said.
v Hypnosis could be so powerful that the hypnotist can induce either:
o Posthypnotic amnesia: temporarily not remembering what happened during the hypnosis, and …
o Posthypnotic suggestion: told during the hypnotic session, to be carried out when you are not hypnotized. For example, "After the count of three, you are to awaken and from now on approach every situation with a positive attitude."
v Hypnosis can relieve pain and heal sores but it cannot give you super-human abilities; what you can do in hypnosis, you can also do in normal conscious states (with a little positive encouragement)
v Hypnosis relieves pain with a dissociation method (divided consciousness theory) that involves a split (dissociation) between levels of consciousness; such as splitting the sensation of physical pain from emotional pain, so your skin might register the pain but you won’t feel the suffering.
v Social Influence Theory: another method of pain reduction … subject is merely caught up in “playing his/her Role” so that he/she can ignore the pain.
v Neodissociation Theory: Hilgard asserts that the conscious mind dissociates from what happens during hypnosis
v Hidden Observer: since hypnotized people report less pain when their arms are placed in Ice water, Hilgard decided to test if a part of them realizes the pain. When he asked them to press a key if “some part” of them felt pain, they pressed the key. Hidden observer is a split consciousness that involuntarily knows what is happening.
Drugs and Consciousness
v A psychoactive drug: any drug that alters a person’s thinking, perception, or memory.
v Physical dependence on a drug occurs when the user’s body does not function normally without the drug.
o Two signs of physical dependence are drug tolerance and symptoms of withdrawal when deprived of the drug.
o Psychological dependence occurs when a drug is needed to maintain a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being. Psychoactive drugs can be classified into major categories including stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and psychogenic drugs.
v Stimulants are a class of drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system and the organs connected to it. Specifically, stimulants activate the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.
o Amphetamines are man-made stimulants and include drugs such as benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine.
§ Large doses of amphetamines can lead to a severe mental disturbance and paranoia called amphetamine psychosis.
o Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant found in coca plant leaves.
§ Cocaine produces feelings of happiness, energy, power, and pleasure and also reduces pain and suppresses appetite.
§ Cocaine is highly addictive and can cause convulsions and death even in first-time users.
· Signs of cocaine abuse include compulsive use, loss of control, and disregard for the consequences of use.
o Nicotine is a mild yet toxic naturally-occurring stimulant that raises blood pressure, accelerates the heart, and provides a rush of sugar into the bloodstream.
§ Nicotine has been found to be more addictive than heroin or alcohol and is linked to nearly 430,000 deaths in the United States each year.
o Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant that increases alertness and can enhance the effectiveness of certain pain relievers.
v Depressants: (drugs that slow & calm neural activity)….
o Alcohol: impairs judgment & inhibitions & prevents recent events to go into long-term memory
v Delirium tremens is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves sudden and severe mental or neurological changes.
o Barbiturates: (tranquilizers), similar to alcohol since it lowers activity of sympathetic nervous system. Large doses can cause death. Small doses mixed with alcohol can also cause death.
o Opiates: (morphine & heroin), opium derivatives that depress brain activity, brings pleasure with addiction; ultimately leads to death.