Chapter 5 Power Point Lecture Notes

Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

Name: ______Date: ______Assignment #______

  1. Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction?
  2. Habitat
  3. Hunted: early 1900s
  4. Partial recovery
  5. Why care about sea otters?
  6. ______
  7. ______
  8. ______
  9. Southern Sea Otter

3.  5-1 How Do Species Interact?

a.  Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions—competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.

  1. Species Interact in Five Major Ways

a.  ______

b.  ______

c.  ______

d.  ______

e.  ______

  1. Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources
  2. For limited resources
  3. Ecological niche for exploiting resources
  4. Some niches overlap
  5. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources
  6. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1)
  7. ______ may capture prey by
  8. Walking
  9. Swimming
  10. Flying
  11. Pursuit and ambush
  12. Camouflage
  13. Chemical warfare
  14. Predator-Prey Relationships
  15. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2)
  16. ______ may avoid capture by
  17. Run, swim, fly
  18. Protection: shells, bark, thorns
  19. Camouflage
  20. Chemical warfare
  21. Warning coloration
  22. Mimicry
  23. Deceptive looks
  24. Deceptive behavior
  25. Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution
  26. Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations

b.  ______

  1. Interact over a long period of time
  2. Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths
  3. Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus
    Bat Hunting a Moth
  4. Some Species Feed off Other Species by Living on or in Them

a.  ______

  1. Parasite is usually much smaller than the host
  2. ______
  3. Parasite-host interaction may lead to coevolution
  4. Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey
  5. In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit
  6. ______
  7. Nutrition and protection relationship
  8. Gut inhabitant mutualism
  9. Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation
  10. Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower
  11. In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed

a.  ______

  1. Epiphytes
  2. Birds nesting in trees
  3. Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree

17.  5-2 What Limits the Growth of Populations?

  1. Concept 5-2 No population can continue to grow indefinitely because of limitations on resources and because of competition among species for those resources.
  2. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (1)
  3. ______: group of interbreeding individuals of the same species
  4. Population distribution
  5. ______
  6. ______
  7. ______
  8. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (2)
  9. Why clumping?
  10. Species tend to cluster where resources are available
  11. ______
  12. Protects some animals from predators
  13. Packs allow some to get prey
  14. Population of Snow Geese
  15. Generalized Dispersion Patterns
  16. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (1)
  17. ______governed by
  18. ______
  19. ______
  20. ______
  21. ______

b.  ______= (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)

  1. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (2)
  2. ______
  3. Pre-reproductive age
  4. Reproductive age
  5. Post-reproductive age
  6. Some Factors Can Limit Population Size
  7. ______
  8. Variations in physical and chemical environment
  9. ______
  10. Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, ______
  11. Precipitation
  12. Nutrients
  13. ______
  14. Trout Tolerance of Temperature
  15. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely:
    J-Curves and S-Curves (1)
  16. Size of populations controlled by ______:
  17. Light
  18. Water
  19. Space
  20. Nutrients
  21. Exposure to too many competitors, predators or infectious diseases
  22. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely:
    J-Curves and S-Curves (2)

a.  ______

  1. All factors that act to limit the growth of a population

b.  ______

  1. Maximum population a given habitat can sustain
  2. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely:
    J-Curves and S-Curves (3)
  3. ______
  4. Starts slowly, then accelerates to carrying capacity when meets environmental resistance
  5. ______
  6. Decreased population growth rate as population size reaches carrying capacity
  7. Science Focus: Why Do California’s Sea Otters Face an Uncertain Future?
  8. Low biotic potential
  9. Prey for orcas
  10. Cat parasites
  11. Thorny-headed worms
  12. Toxic algae blooms
  13. PCBs and other toxins
  14. Oil spills
  15. Population Size of Southern Sea Otters Off the Coast of So. California (U.S.)
  16. Case Study: Exploding White-Tailed Deer Population in the U.S.
  17. 1900: deer habitat destruction and uncontrolled hunting
  18. 1920s–1930s: laws to protect the deer
  19. Current population explosion for deer
  20. ______
  21. ______
  22. ______
  23. Ways to control the deer population
  24. Mature Male White-Tailed Deer
  25. When a Population Exceeds Its Habitat’s Carrying Capacity, Its Population Can Crash
  26. A population exceeds the area’s carrying capacity
  27. Reproductive time lag may lead to overshoot

i.  ______

c.  Damage may reduce area’s carrying capacity

  1. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns (1)
  2. Some species
  3. Many, usually small, offspring
  4. Little or no parental care
  5. Massive deaths of offspring
  6. Insects, bacteria, algae
  7. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns (2)
  8. Other species
  9. Reproduce later in life
  10. Small number of offspring with long life spans
  11. Young offspring grow inside mother
  12. Long time to maturity
  13. Protected by parents, and potentially groups
  14. Humans
  15. Elephants
  16. Under Some Circumstances Population Density Affects Population Size
  17. Density-dependent population controls
  18. ______
  19. ______
  20. ______
  21. ______
  22. Several Different Types of Population Change Occur in Nature
  23. Stable
  24. ______
  25. Population surge, followed by crash
  26. ______, boom-and-bust cycles
  27. Top-down population regulation
  28. Bottom-up population regulation
  29. Irregular
  30. Humans Are Not Exempt from Nature’s Population Controls
  31. Ireland
  32. Potato crop in 1845
  33. Bubonic plague
  34. Fourteenth century
  35. AIDS
  36. Global epidemic

40.  5-3 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions?

a.  Concept 5-3 The structure and species composition of communities and ecosystems change in response to changing environmental conditions through a process called ecological succession.

  1. Communities and Ecosystems Change over Time: Ecological Succession

a.  Natural ______

i.  ______succession

ii.  ______succession

  1. Some Ecosystems Start from Scratch: Primary Succession
  2. ______terrestrial system
  3. No bottom ______
  4. Takes ______
  5. Need to build up soils/sediments to provide necessary nutrients
  6. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (1)
  7. Some ______
  8. Some ______system
  9. Ecosystem has been
  10. ______
  11. ______
  12. ______
  13. Secondary Ecological Succession in Yellowstone Following the 1998 Fire
  14. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (2)
  15. Primary and secondary succession
  16. Tend to increase biodiversity
  17. Increase species richness and interactions among species
  18. Primary and secondary succession can be interrupted by
  19. Fires
  20. Hurricanes
  21. Clear-cutting of forests
  22. Plowing of grasslands
  23. Invasion by nonnative species
  24. Science Focus: How Do Species Replace One Another in Ecological Succession?
  25. Facilitation
  26. Inhibition
  27. Tolerance
  28. Succession Doesn’t Follow a Predictable Path
  29. Traditional view
  30. Balance of nature and a climax community
  31. Current view
  32. Ever-changing mosaic of patches of vegetation
  33. Mature late-successional ecosystems
  34. State of continual disturbance and change
  35. Living Systems Are Sustained through Constant Change

a.  ______

  1. Ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances

b.  ______

  1. Ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance
  2. Some systems have one property, but not the other: tropical rainforests
  3. Three Big Ideas
  4. Certain interactions among species affect their use of resources and their population sizes.
  5. There are always limits to population growth in nature.
  6. Changes in environmental conditions cause communities and ecosystems to gradually alter their species composition and population sizes ______
    ______

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