Chapter 8: Movement

Part 1: The Control of Movement

Smooth Muscles / Extensor / Muscle Spindle
Skeletal/Striated Muscle / Fast twitch / Reflex & Voluntary Movement
Cardiac Muscle / Neuromuscular Junction / Ballistic Movement
contraction / Slow Twitch / Central Pattern Generator
Antagonistic Muscles / Proprioreceptor / Motor Program
Flexor / Stretch Receptor

1.  List and describe the 3 types of muscles in the vertebrate animal.

2.  Why are the muscles in the controlling movement of the eye able to make more precise movements than those muscles in the arm? Where do the motor nerves controlling these movements originate?

3.  How are the muscle fibers in fish and chicken similar to those of warm-blooded mammals? How do the concepts of fast and slow-twitch fibers fit into this question? Where does acetylcholine fit into this question?

4.  What are a couple a well-known proprioreceptors? Give a few common examples of proprioceptive responses. What are the cues of proprioreceptor response?

5.  What would happen if we lost proprioreptive capability?

6.  Give an example illustrating how most all movement consists of voluntary & involuntary components.

7.  What is a ballistic movement? Give an example.

8.  What is a central pattern generator and a motor program? Why are these of great importance? List some motor programs that are "built in".

9.  How is it that a Chicken can run around with its head cut off? How might this relate to motor programs?

10.  What evidence suggests that some movements are completely controlled at the level of the spinal cord?

PART 2: Brain Mechanisms of Movement

Scratch Reflex / Basal Ganglia / Primary Somatosensory cortex
Cerebellum / Caudate Nucleus / Prefrontal cortex
Ballistic movements / Substantia Nigra / Pre Motor Cortex
Saccades / Subthalamic Nucleus / Supplementary Motor Cortex
Cerebellar Cortex / Cerebral Cortex / Dorsolateral Tract & Red Nucleus
Purkinje Cells / Primary Motor cortex / Ventromedial tract
Parallell fibers / Posterior parietal cortex

1.  List at least 5 disorders of the spinal cord and the effects of this disorder on the spinal cord.

2.  What is a police officer attempting to test (physiologically speaking) with the "follow my finger" and "finger to nose test"?

3.  What is the proposed specialized role of the cerebellum in movement? Give an example

4.  Describe the organization of the cells in the cerebellar cortex and how this organization leads to movements of varying duration.

5.  What are some of the proposed roles of the Basal Ganglia in movement? Name the parts of this area of the brain.

6.  What is the proposed role of the cerebral cortex in control of movement?

7.  List and know the functions of the cortical structures near the primary motor cortex that contribute to movement in diverse ways. How do these structures work together in the production of a movement.

8.  Differentiate control of movement via the dorsolateral and ventromedial tract. List types of movement and effects of damage to these separate tracts.

Part 3: Disorders of Movement

Myasthenia Gravis / Parkinson's disease / MPP+ / Huntington's Disease
Autoimmune disease / Substantia Nigra / Paraquat

1.  Describe the symptoms and potential brain mechanisms of myasthenia gravis.

2.  Degradation of what brain areas are related to development of Parkinsons disease? What are a couple of possible causes of Parkinson's?

3.  Why is it unlikely that exposure to a toxin like Paraquat is singularly responsible for development of Parkinson's.

4.  What does L-Dopa do for the Parkinson's patient? What are the common side effects of L-Dopa?

5.  Describe the physiology Huntington's disease and its behavioral effects. How does this disease present an ethical dilemma to geneticists and a parent who has the recessive gene.